Shape Variation in Neotropical Cytheridella (Ostracoda) Using Semilandmarks-Based Geometric Morphometrics: A Methodological Approach and Possible Biogeographical Implications.

Geometric morphometrics offer effective methods to obtain information about shape and shape variability. In ostracodology, landmark-based methods are, however, not well established. To test the applicability of geometric morphometric analyses for ostracods, we investigated shape variation among recent and fossil populations of the genus Cytheridella using a combination of landmarks and semilandmarks. The study focuses on the species' intraspecific morphological variability on a supra-regional scale, comparing living populations from Florida, Yucatán, Colombia and Brazil. We performed Generalized least-squares Procrustes Analysis on 508 adult and juvenile specimens (valves) including stages A-1 to A-4. The analyses show that the primary pattern in shape variation is ontogenetic allometry, supporting a clear separation of adults and juveniles. Shape changes are relatively small during ontogeny from A-4 to A-1. Greatest modification of valve shape occurs during the last molt phase. Insufficient differentiation of sexes is caused by females with less developed brood pouches. Disentangling size- and non-size-dependent shape changes reveals regional differences between populations of the species C. ilosvayi and supports its taxonomic distinction from a fossil relative (C. danielopoli). The distribution of regional morphotypes of C. ilosvayi in Florida, Mexico, and Brazil are congruent with fly ways of water birds.