ArticleGenetics2017
Human Facial Shape and Size Heritability and Genetic Correlations.
Article in Genetics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 42 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
42 citing papers in PubMed.
- Shared genetic basis and structure of syndromic and normal facial variation.American journal of human genetics · 2026Article
- Relationship between cephalic index, facial index and dental arch widths among young Nepalese adults.BMC oral health · 2026Article
- Open Bite Classification Using Machine Learning: A Cephalometric Analysis.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Genetic regulation of body size and morphology from adolescence to early adulthood.Pediatric research · 2026Article
- Exploring Primary and Interaction Effects of Minor Physical Anomalies: Development and Validation of Prediction Models Using Explainable Machine Learning Algorithms for Early-Onset Schizophrenia.Schizophrenia bulletin · 2026Article
- Comparative study of fetal facial shape between Japanese and North American populations using micro-CT.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Exploring Facial Index as an Indicator of Ethnic Lineage in Upper Himalayan Indigenous Tribal Populations.Cureus · 2025Article
- Optimized phenotyping of complex morphological traits: enhancing discovery of common and rare genetic variants.Briefings in bioinformatics · 2025Article
- Evaluation of the accuracy of intraoral scanners for nasal digitization: anFrontiers in oral health · 2025Article
- Syndrome-informed phenotyping identifies a polygenic background for achondroplasia-like facial variation in the general population.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Mapping genes for human face shape: Exploration of univariate phenotyping strategies.PLoS computational biology · 2024Article
- Hard and Soft Tissue Facial Landmarks for Mandibular Angle Reduction: A Clinical Study.Clinics and practice · 2024Article
- Syndrome-informed phenotyping identifies a polygenic background for achondroplasia-like facial variation in the general population.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2023Article
- Joint multi-ancestry and admixed GWAS reveals the complex genetics behind human cranial vault shape.Nature communications · 2023Review
- Review
- The Facial Characteristics of Individuals with Posterior Crossbite: A Cross-Sectional Study.Healthcare (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Simulation of Postoperative Facial Appearances via Geometric Deep Learning for Efficient Orthognathic Surgical Planning.IEEE transactions on medical imaging · 2023Article
- Head Shape Heritability in the Hungarian Meadow ViperAnimals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Gattaca as a lens on contemporary genetics: marking 25 years into the film's "not-too-distant" future.Genetics · 2022Article
- Genetic influences on dentognathic morphology in the Jirel population of Nepal.Anatomical record (Hoboken, N.J. : 2007) · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The human face is an array of variable physical features that together make each of us unique and distinguishable. Striking familial facial similarities underscore a genetic component, but little is known of the genes that underlie facial shape differences. Numerous studies have estimated facial shape heritability using various methods. Here, we used advanced three-dimensional imaging technology and quantitative human genetics analysis to estimate narrow-sense heritability, heritability explained by common genetic variation, and pairwise genetic correlations of 38 measures of facial shape and size in normal African Bantu children from Tanzania. Specifically, we fit a linear mixed model of genetic relatedness between close and distant relatives to jointly estimate variance components that correspond to heritability explained by genome-wide common genetic variation and variance explained by uncaptured genetic variation, the sum representing total narrow-sense heritability. Our significant estimates for narrow-sense heritability of specific facial traits range from 28 to 67%, with horizontal measures being slightly more heritable than vertical or depth measures. Furthermore, for over half of facial traits, >90% of narrow-sense heritability can be explained by common genetic variation. We also find high absolute genetic correlation between most traits, indicating large overlap in underlying genetic loci. Not surprisingly, traits measured in the same physical orientation (i.e., both horizontal or both vertical) have high positive genetic correlations, whereas traits in opposite orientations have high negative correlations. The complex genetic architecture of facial shape informs our understanding of the intricate relationships among different facial features as well as overall facial development.
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Registered trials
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