ReviewFrontiers in human neuroscience2016
Ketamine: 50 Years of Modulating the Mind.
Review in Frontiers in human neuroscience, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to 2 registered trials, which are not on this map. Cited by 164 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neuropsychiatric and Cardiovascular Side Effects in Ketamine Analgesic Infusions: a Prospective Study
Effect of Regional Anesthesia and Sedation With Ketamine Versus Regional Anesthesia and Sedation With Midazolam in Cognitive Function in Patients Over 60 Years of Age in Elective Surgery at 3 Months of Postoperative Follow-up
Who cites it
164 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 357 citations in OpenAlex.
- The effect of perioperative ketamine and esketamine administration on postoperative nausea and vomiting in patients undergoing general anesthesia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Korean journal of anesthesiology · 2026Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of esketamine in patients undergoing painless gastrointestinal endoscopy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Pooled it
- Effects of anesthetic adjunctive agents on postoperative cognitive dysfunction in elderly patients undergoing noncardiac surgery: A Bayesian network meta-analysis.Brain and behavior · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of ketamine for the treatment of depressive symptoms in palliative care: A systematic review.Revista brasileira de psiquiatria (Sao Paulo, Brazil : 1999) · 2023Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of intranasal ketamine compared with intranasal dexmedetomidine as a premedication before general anesthesia in pediatric patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Canadian journal of anaesthesia = Journal canadien d'anesthesie · 2022Pooled it
- Ketamine treatment for refractory anxiety: A systematic review.British journal of clinical pharmacology · 2022Pooled it
- Blood-based biomarkers of antidepressant response to ketamine and esketamine: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Molecular psychiatry · 2022Pooled it
- Efficacy and safety of racemic ketamine and esketamine for depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Expert opinion on drug safety · 2022Pooled it
- A systematic review of therapeutic ketamine use in children and adolescents with treatment-resistant mood disorders.European child & adolescent psychiatry · 2021Pooled it
- Perfusion Index and Hemodynamic Responses During Propofol Induction with Fentanyl or Ketamine-Lidocaine Adjuncts: A Prospective Randomized Pilot Clinical Study.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Trial
- Esketamine hydrochloride in the management of moderate-to-severe depressive symptoms in patients undergoing multiple wound repair surgeries: A multi-centre randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial.Clinical and translational medicine · 2026Trial
- Effect of esketamine on postinduction hypotension in elderly patients undergoing elective noncardiac surgery: a secondary analysis of a randomized clinical trial.Scientific reports · 2025Trial
- Effect of esketamine on serum neurotransmitters in patients with postpartum depression: a randomized controlled trial.BMC anesthesiology · 2024Trial
- Effect of Low-Dose Esketamine on Postoperative Delirium in Elderly Patients Undergoing Total Hip or Knee Arthroplasty: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2024Trial
- Ketamine's acute effects on negative brain states are mediated through distinct altered states of consciousness in humans.Nature communications · 2023Trial
- [Application of low-dose esmolamine in general anesthesia in pediatric surgeries].Nan fang yi ke da xue xue bao = Journal of Southern Medical University · 2022Trial
- Intranasal ketamine versus intravenous morphine for pain management in patients with renal colic: a double-blind, randomized, controlled trial.World journal of urology · 2021Trial
- Dissociative and Analgesic Properties of Ketamine Are Independent.Anesthesiology · 2020Trial
- Default Mode Connectivity in Major Depressive Disorder Measured Up to 10 Days After Ketamine Administration.Biological psychiatry · 2018Trial
- Intraoperative ketamine for prevention of postoperative delirium or pain after major surgery in older adults: an international, multicentre, double-blind, randomised clinical trial.Lancet (London, England) · 2017Trial
104 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Ketamine was introduced into clinical practice in the 1960s and continues to be both clinically useful and scientifically fascinating. With considerably diverse molecular targets and neurophysiological properties, ketamine's effects on the central nervous system remain incompletely understood. Investigators have leveraged the unique characteristics of ketamine to explore the invariant, fundamental mechanisms of anesthetic action. Emerging evidence indicates that ketamine-mediated anesthesia may occur via disruption of corticocortical information transfer in a frontal-to-parietal ("top down") distribution. This proposed mechanism of general anesthesia has since been demonstrated with anesthetics in other pharmacological classes as well. Ketamine remains invaluable to the fields of anesthesiology and critical care medicine, in large part due to its ability to maintain cardiorespiratory stability while providing effective sedation and analgesia. Furthermore, there may be an emerging role for ketamine in treatment of refractory depression and Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder. In this article, we review the history of ketamine, its pharmacology, putative mechanisms of action and current clinical applications.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.