ReviewJournal of cellular and molecular medicine2017
Macrophage polarization: a key event in the secondary phase of acute spinal cord injury.
Review in Journal of cellular and molecular medicine, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 112 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
112 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 205 citations in OpenAlex.
- Immune Status of Individuals with Traumatic Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Pooled it
- The Role of Tumor Necrosis Factor Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Systematic Review.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2023Pooled it
- Advances in the research of the role of macrophage/microglia polarization-mediated inflammatory response in spinal cord injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Pooled it
- Macrophage migration inhibitory factor as a therapeutic target after traumatic spinal cord injury: a systematic review.European spine journal : official publication of the European Spine Society, the European Spinal Deformity Society, and the European Section of the Cervical Spine Research Society · 2021Pooled it
- Spatiotemporal disarray of inflammatory microenvironment following spinal cord injury.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- Modulation of p38 MAPK signaling in spinal cord injury by curcumin: targeting inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis.Inflammopharmacology · 2026Review
- Interferon regulatory factor 4-releasing 3D-printed scaffolds enhance spinal cord repair by modulating macrophage polarization.Neural regeneration research · 2026Article
- KDM6A/MMP-3 epigenetic axis governs macrophage senescence after spinal cord injury for mediating the regenerative niche to promote neurological repair.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- 3D-MSCs apoptotic bodies-integrated conductive hydrogel mitigates spinal cord injury via immunoregulation and alleviating neuronal pyroptosis.Bioactive materials · 2026Article
- Injectable hydrogel-based localized delivery of IDO-galectin-3 mitigates neuroinflammation and promotes neuronal sparing after spinal cord contusion in rats.Journal of materials chemistry. B · 2026Article
- Identification of key hub genes in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury via integrated bioinformatics analysis and in vivo validation.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Can Transcutaneous Vagus Nerve Stimulation be Effective After Rats' Spinal Cord Injury?Cureus · 2026Article
- Temporal regulation of macrophage polarization by abnormally innervated CGRP + Sensory nerves following spinal cord injury.Cellular and molecular life sciences : CMLS · 2026Review
- Photobiomodulation Reduces Fibrous Scar Formation After Spinal Cord Injury by Downregulating CXCL3 Expression in Macrophages.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Article
- Rolipram-Loaded PgP Nanotherapeutics via Intrathecal Administration Reduces Secondary Injury in a Rat Acute Moderate Contusion SCI Model.Journal of neuroscience research · 2025Article
- Immune Activation Following Spinal Cord Injury: A Review Focused on Inflammatory Changes in the Spinal Cord.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Cardiac Macrophages Promote Polarization of Macrophages toward M2 Phenotype to Improve Myocardial Remodeling via NGAL after Myocardial Infarction.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Article
- Liposomal ellagic acid enhances the regenerative potential of ADMSC-laden nanofibrous PCL scaffolds in a rat model of spinal cord injury.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Identifying pyroptosis- and inflammation-related genes in spinal cord injury based on bioinformatics analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Conditioned medium derived from mesenchymal stem cells and spinal cord injury: A review of the current therapeutic capacities.IBRO neuroscience reports · 2025Review
52 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Acute spinal cord injury (SCI) has become epidemic in modern society. Despite advances made in the understanding of the pathogenesis and improvements in early recognition and treatment, it remains a devastating event, often producing severe and permanent disability. SCI has two phases: acute and secondary. Although the acute phase is marked by severe local and systemic events such as tissue contusion, ischaemia, haemorrhage and vascular damage, the outcome of SCI are mainly influenced by the secondary phase. SCI causes inflammatory responses through the activation of innate immune responses that contribute to secondary injury, in which polarization-based macrophage activation is a hallmarker. Macrophages accumulated within the epicentre and the haematoma of the injured spinal cord play a significant role in this inflammation. Depending on their phenotype and activation status, macrophages may initiate secondary injury mechanisms and/or promote CNS regeneration and repair. When it comes to therapies for SCI, very few can be performed in the acute phase. However, as macrophage activation and polarization switch are exquisitely sensitive to changes in microenvironment, some trials have been conducted to modulate macrophage polarization towards benefiting the recovery of SCI. Given this, it is important to understand how macrophages and SCI interrelate and interact on a molecular pathophysiological level. This review provides a comprehensive overview of the immuno-pathophysiological features of acute SCI mainly from the following perspectives: (i) the overview of the pathophysiology of acute SCI, (ii) the roles of macrophage, especially its polarization switch in acute SCI, and (iii) newly developed neuroprotective therapies modulating macrophage polarization in acute SCI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.