Trial reportCMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne2017
Relative effectiveness of additive pain interventions during vaccination in infants.
Trial report in CMAJ : Canadian Medical Association journal = journal de l'Association medicale canadienne, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Pharmacological and Physical Interventions Directed at the Injection Site for Reducing Distress During Vaccine Injections.The Clinical journal of pain · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Process Interventions for Reducing Distress During Vaccine Injections.The Clinical journal of pain · 2026Pooled it
- A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effectiveness of Physical Interventions Administered Orally for Infants for Reducing Distress During Vaccine Injections.The Clinical journal of pain · 2026Pooled it
- Non-pharmacological management of infant and young child procedural pain.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2023Pooled it
- Effects of Ciprofol Combined with Varying Doses of Alfentanil on Anesthetic Efficacy and Safety in Pediatric Bronchoscopy: A Randomized Controlled Trial.Drug design, development and therapy · 2026Trial
- Digital health solutions for caregivers of children experiencing acute pain: a scoping review.Pain reports · 2025Review
- Moments that matter: childhood pain treatment shapes pain for life-we can do better every time in every child.BMC medicine · 2025Article
- Enhanced transdermal delivery of lidocaine cream via ultrasound and microneedle rollers.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2025Article
- Efficacy of Lidocaine Topical Solution in Reducing Discomfort Reaction of Horses to Intramuscular Vaccination.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2022Article
- Efficacy of topical lidocaine-prilocaine (EMLAPaediatric & neonatal pain · 2022Article
- [Pediatric pain treatment and prevention for hospitalized children].Schmerz (Berlin, Germany) · 2021Review
- Review
- The challenge of developing pain medications for children: therapeutic needs and future perspectives.Journal of pain research · 2019Article
- A hospital-wide initiative to eliminate or reduce needle pain in children using lean methodology.Pain reports · 2018Article
- Parent-led interventions in reducing infant vaccination pain after participation in a longitudinal randomized control trial.Paediatrics & child health · 2017Article
- Improving the treatment of infant pain.Current opinion in supportive and palliative care · 2017Review
- An audit of paediatric pain prevalence, intensity, and treatment at a South African tertiary hospital.Pain reportsArticle
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundVaccine injections can cause acute pain and distress in infants, which can contribute to dissatisfaction with the vaccination experience and vaccine hesitancy. We sought to compare the effectiveness of additive pain interventions administered consistently during vaccine injections in the first year of life.
methodsWe conducted a multicentre, longitudinal, double-blind, add-on, randomized controlled trial. Healthy infants were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 levels of pain management for all vaccine injections at 2, 4, 6 and 12 months: (i) placebo control; (ii) parent-directed video education about infant soothing; (iii) the video plus sucrose administered orally or (iv) the video plus sucrose plus liposomal lidocaine applied topically. All infants benefit from injection techniques that minimize pain. We used a double-dummy design; hence all parents watched a video (active psychological intervention or placebo) and all infants received oral solution (sucrose or placebo) and topical cream (lidocaine or placebo). We assessed infant distress during 3 phases - preinjection (baseline), vaccine injection (needle), and 1 minute postinjection (recovery) - using the Modified Behavioural Pain Scale (range 0-10). We compared scores between groups and across infant ages using a mixed-model repeated-measures analysis.
resultsA total of 352 infants participated in the study, from Jan. 17, 2012, to Feb. 2, 2016. Demographics did not differ among intervention groups (
interpretationOnly liposomal lidocaine provided consistent analgesia within an additive pain intervention regimen during vaccinations in infants.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.