ReviewNeuroImage2017
Methods for cleaning the BOLD fMRI signal.
Review in NeuroImage, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 293 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
293 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 595 citations in OpenAlex.
- Physiological influences on neurovascular coupling: A systematic review of multimodal imaging approaches and recommendations for future study designs.Experimental physiology · 2025Pooled it
- Transdiagnostic markers across the psychosis continuum: a systematic review and meta-analysis of resting state fMRI studies.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Pooled it
- Tuina Alleviates Pain Associated with Lumbar Disc Herniation by Regulating Functional Connectivity Between Inferior Frontal Triangularis and Multiple Brain Networks: A Randomized Controlled fMRI Study.Journal of pain research · 2026Trial
- Effect of transcranial direct current stimulation in the initial weeks post-stroke: a pilot randomized study.Einstein (Sao Paulo, Brazil) · 2024Trial
- Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging of Brain Function and Emergence Agitation of Patients with Dexmedetomidine-Assisted General Anesthesia under Comfortable Nursing Intervention.Computational intelligence and neuroscience · 2022Trial
- Oxytocin modulates local topography of human functional connectome in healthy men at rest.Communications biology · 2021Trial
- A generalized scaling law reveals synchrony-driven reorganization of brain dynamics across human lifespan.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Aging, brain network connectivity, and cognition: evidence from resting-state dynamic arterial spin labeling.NeuroImage · 2026Article
- Voxel-Matching NORDIC: Non-local patch formation by time-series similarity increases tSNR in high-resolution BOLD fMRI.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Article
- Ongoing thoughts at rest reflect functional brain organization and behaviour.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Dynamic Co-Modulation (DyCoM): A Unified Operator Framework for Dynamic Connectivity in Neuroimaging.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- The Impact of Denoising Approaches on the Relationship Between Alzheimer's Disease Diagnostic Status and Network Topology Measures.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Differential brain responses to affective sounds in misophonia and hyperacusis: A task-based fMRI approach.Cognitive, affective & behavioral neuroscience · 2026Article
- Benchmarking fMRI Denoising Pipelines.Human brain mapping · 2026Article
- Neural activations and representations during episodic versus semantic memory retrieval.Nature human behaviour · 2026Article
- Cross-sectional observational study evaluating social brain health in HIV using a research domain criteria-based approach: a protocol.BMJ open · 2026Article
- Impact of thermal and physiological denoising on laminar functional connectivity.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Multi-echo BOLD fMRI improves cerebrovascular reactivity estimates in stroke.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Frontal Vulnerability versus Temporal Resilience within the Core Language Network: Neuro-compensatory Mechanisms Underline Differential Language Aging Trajectories.The Journal of neuroscience : the official journal of the Society for Neuroscience · 2026Article
233 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Blood oxygen-level-dependent functional magnetic resonance imaging (BOLD fMRI) has rapidly become a popular technique for the investigation of brain function in healthy individuals, patients as well as in animal studies. However, the BOLD signal arises from a complex mixture of neuronal, metabolic and vascular processes, being therefore an indirect measure of neuronal activity, which is further severely corrupted by multiple non-neuronal fluctuations of instrumental, physiological or subject-specific origin. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of existing methods for cleaning the BOLD fMRI signal. The description is given from a methodological point of view, focusing on the operation of the different techniques in addition to pointing out the advantages and limitations in their application. Since motion-related and physiological noise fluctuations are two of the main noise components of the signal, techniques targeting their removal are primarily addressed, including both data-driven approaches and using external recordings. Data-driven approaches, which are less specific in the assumed model and can simultaneously reduce multiple noise fluctuations, are mainly based on data decomposition techniques such as principal and independent component analysis. Importantly, the usefulness of strategies that benefit from the information available in the phase component of the signal, or in multiple signal echoes is also highlighted. The use of global signal regression for denoising is also addressed. Finally, practical recommendations regarding the optimization of the preprocessing pipeline for the purpose of denoising and future venues of research are indicated. Through the review, we summarize the importance of signal denoising as an essential step in the analysis pipeline of task-based and resting state fMRI studies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.