ArticleObesity facts2016
The Economic Burden of Obesity in Germany: Results from the Population-Based KORA Studies.
Article in Obesity facts, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 19 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
19 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Obesity, Employment, and Economic Productivity in Europe: A Systematic Literature Review.Obesity reviews : an official journal of the International Association for the Study of Obesity · 2026Pooled it
- Costs of mental health care resource use in people with obesity: A systematic review.PloS one · 2025Pooled it
- Signs of Warning: Do Health Warning Messages on Sweets Affect the Neural Prefrontal Cortex Activity?Nutrients · 2020Trial
- Long-Term Cost and Health Impact of a Digital Obesity Intervention in Germany: Economic Modeling Study.JMIR formative research · 2026Article
- Weight, body composition and quality of life changes in a Hungarian community-based body weight management program: an observational cohort analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2026Observational
- Economics of hypothalamic obesity in patients with craniopharyngioma and other rare sellar/suprasellar tumors.The European journal of health economics : HEPAC : health economics in prevention and care · 2025Article
- Prediction of Relevant Training Control Parameters at Individual Anaerobic Threshold without Blood Lactate Measurement.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Real-world demographic patterns of users of a digital primary prevention service for diabetes.Cardiovascular endocrinology & metabolism · 2023Article
- The intangible costs of overweight and obesity in Germany.Health economics review · 2023Article
- The association between body mass index groups and metabolic comorbidities with healthcare and medication costs: a nationwide biobank and registry study in Finland.Journal of market access & health policy · 2023Article
- Heart Rate Recovery (HRR) Is Not a Singular Predictor for Physical Fitness.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Related Factors and Economic Burden Evaluation of Nosocomial Infection in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease.Contrast media & molecular imaging · 2022Article
- The impact of COVID-19 on obesity services across Europe: A physician survey.Clinical obesity · 2021Article
- PACE Labels on Healthy and Unhealthy Snack Products in a Laboratory Shopping Setting: Perception, Visual Attention, and Product Choice.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Needs and Requirements in the Designing of Mobile Interventions for Patients With Peripheral Arterial Disease: Questionnaire Study.JMIR formative research · 2020Article
- The interrelation of osteoarthritis and diabetes mellitus: considering the potential role of interleukin-10 and in vitro models for further analysis.Inflammation research : official journal of the European Histamine Research Society ... [et al.] · 2018Review
- Long-term effects of adolescent obesity: time to act.Nature reviews. Endocrinology · 2018Review
- The Non-Linear Relationship between BMI and Health Care Costs and the Resulting Cost Fraction Attributable to Obesity.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo estimate the excess costs of obese compared to normal-weight persons in Germany based on self-reported resource utilisation and work absence.
methodsFive cross sectional surveys of cohort studies in southern Germany were pooled resulting in 9,070 observations for 6,731 individuals (31-96 years). BMI was measured in the study centre. Self-reported health care utilisation and work absence was used to estimate direct and indirect costs for the year 2011 based on unit costs. Using regression analyses, adjusted costs for different BMI groups were calculated.
resultsOverweight and obese people showed significantly higher odds of health care utilisation and productivity losses compared with normal-weight people in most categories. Total direct/indirect costs were significantly higher with increasing severity of obesity (pre-obese (1.05 (0.90-1.23) / 1.38 (1.11-1.71)), obesity level I (1.18 (1.00-1.39) / 1.33 (1.02-1.73)), obesity level II (1.46 (1.14-1.87) / 1.77 (1.18-2.65)) or level III (2.04 (1.40-2.97) / 1.99 (1.20-3.30)) compared to normal-weight participants. In particular, higher obesity classes were significantly associated with increased costs for medication, general practitioner utilisation and work absence.
conclusionOur results show that overweight and obesity are associated with enormous societal direct and indirect costs in Germany. This supports the evidence from previous top-down studies, but provides important new information based on a large pooled data set and measured BMI.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.