ReviewCNS drugs2017
New Non-Intravenous Routes for Benzodiazepines in Epilepsy: A Clinician Perspective.
Review in CNS drugs, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Oral clonazepam versus lorazepam in the treatment of methamphetamine-poisoned children: a pilot clinical trial.BMC pediatrics · 2020Trial
- Trial
- Prehospital rescue treatment of cluster epileptic seizures and status epilepticus.Neurological sciences : official journal of the Italian Neurological Society and of the Italian Society of Clinical Neurophysiology · 2026Review
- Review
- Review
- Bioavailability and Safety of a New Highly Concentrated Midazolam Nasal Spray Compared to Buccal and Intravenous Midazolam Treatment in Chinese Healthy Volunteers.Neurology and therapy · 2022Article
- Unravelling Micro and Nano Vesicular System in Intranasal Drug Delivery for Epilepsy.Pharmaceutical nanotechnology · 2022Review
- Safety evaluation of antibacterial and analgesic autoinjector devices for rapid administration during emergency situations: a crossover study in rabbits.SAGE open medicine · 2022Article
- Overcoming the challenges of developing an intranasal diazepam rescue therapy for the treatment of seizure clusters.Epilepsia · 2021Article
- Prehospital midazolam use and outcomes among patients with out-of-hospital status epilepticus.Neurology · 2020Article
- The Winner by a Nose: Intranasal Midazolam.Epilepsy currents · 2019Article
- Use of Emergency Medication in Adult Patients with Epilepsy: A Multicentre Cohort Study from Germany.CNS drugs · 2018Article
- MicroRNA-27b inhibition promotes Nrf2/ARE pathway activation and alleviates intracerebral hemorrhage-induced brain injury.Oncotarget · 2017Article
- Intranasal midazolam as an alternative to rectal diazepam for management of canine status epilepticus.Veterinary evidenceReview
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Benzodiazepines represent the first-line treatment for the acute management of epileptic seizures and status epilepticus. The emergency use of benzodiazepines must be timely, and because most seizures occur outside of the hospital environment, there is a significant need for delivery methods that are easy for nonclinical caregivers to use and administer quickly and safely. In addition, the ideal route of administration should be reliable in terms of absorption. Rectal diazepam is the only licensed formulation in the USA, whereas rectal diazepam and buccal midazolam are currently licensed in the EU. However, the sometimes unpredictable absorption with rectal and buccal administration means they are not ideal routes. Several alternative routes are currently being explored. This is a narrative review of data about delivery methods for benzodiazepines alternative to the intravenous and oral routes for the acute treatment of seizures. Unconventional delivery options such as direct delivery to the central nervous system or inhalers are reported. Data show that intranasal diazepam or midazolam and the intramuscular auto-injector for midazolam are as effective as rectal or intravenous diazepam. Head-to-head comparisons with buccal midazolam are urgently needed. In addition, the majority of trials focused on children and adolescents, and further trials in adults are warranted.
Indexed as
Identifiers
27943132What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.