ArticleScience immunology2016
Donor exosomes rather than passenger leukocytes initiate alloreactive T cell responses after transplantation.
Article in Science immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 138 papers.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
138 citing papers in PubMed, 192 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Role of Chimeric Antigen Receptor Regulatory T Cells in Promoting Immune Tolerance in Solid Organ Transplantation:Saudi medical journal · 2026Review
- Proteomic profiling of plasma extracellular vesicles reveals a therapeutically targetable liver-heart axis in cardiac transplantation.JCI insight · 2026Article
- Exosome-Mediated Systemic Signaling: Mechanisms, Disease Integration, and Translational Potential.Current issues in molecular biology · 2026Review
- Mechanisms of donor-specific transfusion synergy with anti-CD154 for transplant acceptance.Journal of immunology (Baltimore, Md. : 1950) · 2026Article
- Macrophage-derived extracellular vesicles promote T cell-dependent inflammatory pain resolution.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Small vesicles, big potential: A review of innovative exosome delivery and molecular mechanisms in preclinical myocardial infarction models.Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Review
- Best practices in mouse models of skin transplantation.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2026Review
- Therapeutic Potential of Extracellular Vesicles: From Biogenesis, Isolation and Molecular Characterization to Addressing Translational Gaps and Regulatory Barriers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Review
- Autologous immune system reset for kidney allograft acceptance: mechanisms, evidence, and a testable reconstitution-window model.Frontiers in medicine · 2026Review
- Effective treatment of acute graft-versus-host disease following liver transplantation using an integrated regimen centered on antithymocyte globulin: a single-center experience.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Exosome-primed T cell immunity is facilitated by complement activation.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2026Article
- Extracellular vesicles mediate immune regulation in acute kidney injury.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Coordinated circulating and tissue-based T cell responses precede xenograft rejection.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Innovative gene engineering and drug delivery systems for dendritic cells in cancer immunotherapy.Journal of biomedical science · 2025Review
- Best practices of heart transplantation in mice.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2025Review
- Transplants foster B cell alloimmunity by relaying extracellular vesicles to follicular dendritic cells.Cell reports · 2025Article
- Cross-organ hierarchy of HLA molecular mismatches in donor-specific antibody development in solid organ transplantations.Cell reports. Medicine · 2025Article
- [Immunological Aspects after Lung Transplantation].Zentralblatt fur Chirurgie · 2025Review
- Immune and Angiogenic Profiling of Mesenchymal Stem Cell Functions in a Subcutaneous Microenvironment for Allogeneic Islet Transplantation.Advanced science (Weinheim, Baden-Wurttemberg, Germany) · 2025Article
- Extracellular Vesicles and Immune Activation in Solid Organ Transplantation: The Impact of Immunosuppression.BioDrugs : clinical immunotherapeutics, biopharmaceuticals and gene therapy · 2025Review
78 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Transplantation of allogeneic organs and tissues represents a lifesaving procedure for a variety of patients affected with end-stage diseases. Although current immunosuppressive therapy prevents early acute rejection, it is associated with nephrotoxicity and increased risks for infection and neoplasia. This stresses the need for selective immune-based therapies relying on manipulation of lymphocyte recognition of donor antigens. The passenger leukocyte theory states that allograft rejection is initiated by recipient T cells recognizing donor major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules displayed on graft leukocytes migrating to the host's lymphoid organs. We revisited this concept in mice transplanted with allogeneic skin, heart, or islet grafts using imaging flow cytometry. We observed no donor cells in the lymph nodes and spleen of skin-grafted mice, but we found high numbers of recipient cells displaying allogeneic MHC molecules (cross-dressed) acquired from donor microvesicles (exosomes). After heart or islet transplantation, we observed few donor leukocytes (100 per million) but large numbers of recipient cells cross-dressed with donor MHC (>90,000 per million). Last, we showed that purified allogeneic exosomes induced proinflammatory alloimmune responses by T cells in vitro and in vivo. Collectively, these results suggest that recipient antigen-presenting cells cross-dressed with donor MHC rather than passenger leukocytes trigger T cell responses after allotransplantation.
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.