ArticlePloS one2016
Identification of Emotional Facial Expressions: Effects of Expression, Intensity, and Sex on Eye Gaze.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 158 citations in OpenAlex.
- Emotion Recognition Deficits in Children and Adolescents with Psychopathic Traits: A Systematic Review.Clinical child and family psychology review · 2024Pooled it
- Exploring emotion identification and categorisation in simulated central vision loss: an event-related potential study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Article
- Consistency and changes in eye movements during static, dynamic, and audio-visual emotion processing.Perception · 2026Article
- Individual gaze preferences and attentional cues interact in masked and unmasked face recognition.Attention, perception & psychophysics · 2026Article
- Intrasexual Competition and Rival Derogation in Women Are Associated With Visual Processing of Emotional Facial Expressions.Archives of sexual behavior · 2026Article
- Recognition and Misclassification Patterns of Basic Emotional Facial Expressions: An Eye-Tracking Study in Young Healthy Adults.Journal of eye movement research · 2025Article
- Distinct contributions of foveal and extrafoveal visual information to emotion judgments and gaze behavior for faces.Journal of vision · 2025Article
- Validation of the Emotionally Congruent and Incongruent Face-Body Static Set (ECIFBSS).Behavior research methods · 2025Article
- A Cantonese Audio-Visual Emotional Speech (CAVES) dataset.Behavior research methods · 2024Article
- Sensorimotor regulation of facial expression - An untouched frontier.Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews · 2024Review
- Visual Field Restriction in the Recognition of Basic Facial Expressions: A Combined Eye Tracking and Gaze Contingency Study.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Recognizing and Looking at Masked Emotional Faces in Alexithymia.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- An exploratory study of the effect of age and gender on face scanning during affect recognition in immersive virtual reality.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Impaired face symmetry detection under alcohol, but no 'beer goggles' effect.Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Can Perceivers Differentiate Intense Facial Expressions? Eye Movement Patterns.Behavioral sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Personalization of Affective Models Using Classical Machine Learning: A Feasibility Study.Applied sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Recognition of dynamic facial expressions of emotions in forensic inpatients who have committed sexual offenses: a signal detection analysis.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- The Impact of Spatial Frequency on the Perception of Crowd Emotion: An fMRI Study.Brain sciences · 2023Article
- To see or not to see: the parallel processing of self-relevance and facial expressions.Cognitive research: principles and implications · 2023Article
- Emotion category-modulated interpretation bias in perceiving ambiguous facial expressions.Perception · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The identification of emotional expressions is vital for social interaction, and can be affected by various factors, including the expressed emotion, the intensity of the expression, the sex of the face, and the gender of the observer. This study investigates how these factors affect the speed and accuracy of expression recognition, as well as dwell time on the two most significant areas of the face: the eyes and the mouth. Participants were asked to identify expressions from female and male faces displaying six expressions (anger, disgust, fear, happiness, sadness, and surprise), each with three levels of intensity (low, moderate, and normal). Overall, responses were fastest and most accurate for happy expressions, but slowest and least accurate for fearful expressions. More intense expressions were also classified most accurately. Reaction time showed a different pattern, with slowest response times recorded for expressions of moderate intensity. Overall, responses were slowest, but also most accurate, for female faces. Relative to male observers, women showed greater accuracy and speed when recognizing female expressions. Dwell time analyses revealed that attention to the eyes was about three times greater than on the mouth, with fearful eyes in particular attracting longer dwell times. The mouth region was attended to the most for fearful, angry, and disgusted expressions and least for surprise. These results extend upon previous findings to show important effects of expression, emotion intensity, and sex on expression recognition and gaze behaviour, and may have implications for understanding the ways in which emotion recognition abilities break down.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.