ArticlePloS one2016
Association of Odor Thresholds and Responses in Cerebral Blood Flow of the Prefrontal Area during Olfactory Stimulation in Patients with Multiple Chemical Sensitivity.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- fNIRS neuroimaging in olfactory research: A systematic literature review.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2022Pooled it
- From Invisibility to Inclusion: Evidence, Lived Experience, and Policy Directions for Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Report from the Resilience 2025 International Conference.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2026Article
- Multiple Chemical Sensitivity and the SLC Gene Superfamily: A Case-Control Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Exposure limits for indoor volatile substances concerning the general population: The role of population-based differences in sensory irritation of the eyes and airways for assessment factors.Archives of toxicology · 2024Review
- Multiple Chemical Sensitivity Syndrome: First Symptoms and Evolution of the Clinical Picture: Case-Control Study/Epidemiological Case-Control Study.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Classification of Prefrontal Cortex Activity Based on Functional Near-Infrared Spectroscopy Data upon Olfactory Stimulation.Brain sciences · 2021Article
- A case report of idiopathic environmental intolerance: A controversial and current issue.Clinical case reports · 2020Article
- Chemical intolerance: involvement of brain function and networks after exposure to extrinsic stimuli perceived as hazardous.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2019Review
- Background factors of chemical intolerance and parent-child relationships.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2018Article
- Preliminary evidence for differential olfactory and trigeminal processing in combat veterans with and without PTSD.NeuroImage. Clinical · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 6 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Multiple chemical sensitivity (MCS) is a disorder characterized by nonspecific and recurrent symptoms from various organ systems associated with exposure to low levels of chemicals. Patients with MCS process odors differently than controls do. Previously, we suggested that this odor processing was associated with increased regional cerebral blood flow (rCBF) in the prefrontal area during olfactory stimulation using near-infrared spectroscopic (NIRS) imaging. The aim of this study was to investigate the association of odor thresholds and changes in rCBF during olfactory stimulation at odor threshold levels in patients with MCS. We investigated changes in the prefrontal area using NIRS imaging and a T&T olfactometer during olfactory stimulation with two different odorants (sweet and fecal) at three concentrations (zero, odor recognition threshold, and normal perceived odor level) in 10 patients with MCS and six controls. The T&T olfactometer threshold test and subjective assessment of irritating and hedonic odors were also performed. The results indicated that the scores for both unpleasant and pungent odors were significantly higher for those for sweet odors at the normal perceived level in patients with MCS than in controls. The brain responses at the recognition threshold (fecal odor) and normal perceived levels (sweet and fecal odors) were stronger in patients with MCS than in controls. However, significant differences in the odor detection and recognition thresholds and odor intensity score between the two groups were not observed. These brain responses may involve cognitive and memory processing systems during past exposure to chemicals. Further research regarding the cognitive features of sensory perception and memory due to past exposure to chemicals and their associations with MCS symptoms is needed.
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