ArticleNeurochemical research2017
Pentoxifylline Alleviates Early Brain Injury After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Rats: Possibly via Inhibiting TLR 4/NF-κB Signaling Pathway.
Article in Neurochemical research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 18 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
18 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 28 citations in OpenAlex.
- A Systematic Review of Inflammatory Cytokine Changes Following Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Animal Models and Humans.Translational stroke research · 2022Pooled it
- Role of Adaptor Protein Myeloid Differentiation 88 (MyD88) in Post-Subarachnoid Hemorrhage Inflammation: A Systematic Review.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Pooled it
- Pentoxifylline as Adjuvant Therapy in Patients with Generalized Epilepsy Treated with Phenytoin: A Randomized Controlled Study.Molecular neurobiology · 2025Trial
- Pentoxifylline in patients with ulcerative colitis treated with mesalamine by modulation of IL-6/STAT3, ZO-1, and S1P pathways: a randomized controlled double-blinded study.Inflammopharmacology · 2024Trial
- Pentoxifylline targets TLR4/MyD88/NF-κB signaling to ameliorate neuroinflammation and metabolic dysfunction in a rat model of chronic hypoperfusion-induced vascular cognitive impairment.Metabolic brain disease · 2026Article
- Colo-Protective Effects of Pentoxifylline Alone or in Combination With Mesalamine in Colitis Through Sphingosine Kinase 1/Sphingosine 1 Phosphate, and Zonula Occuldin 1 Pathways: New Molecular Approach.Pharmacology research & perspectives · 2025Article
- Pentoxifylline Prevents Neuroinflammation and Modifies PTEN/TrkB Signaling in an LPS-Induced Depression Model.Journal of neuroimmune pharmacology : the official journal of the Society on NeuroImmune Pharmacology · 2025Article
- Exosome-Encapsulated microRNA-140-5p Alleviates Neuronal Injury Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage by Regulating IGFBP5-Mediated PI3K/AKT Signaling Pathway.Molecular neurobiology · 2022Article
- Review
- Decreased Expression of CIRP Induced by Therapeutic Hypothermia Correlates with Reduced Early Brain Injury after Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Journal of clinical medicine · 2022Article
- VIP alleviates sepsis-induced cognitive dysfunction as the TLR-4/NF-κB signaling pathway is inhibited in the hippocampus of rats.Journal of molecular histology · 2022Article
- Toll-Like Receptor Signaling Pathways: Novel Therapeutic Targets for Cerebrovascular Disorders.International journal of molecular sciences · 2021Review
- Effect of astaxanthin on neuron damage, inflammatory factors expressions and oxidative stress in mice with subarachnoid hemorrhage.American journal of translational research · 2021Article
- Inflammatory Pathways Following Subarachnoid Hemorrhage.Cellular and molecular neurobiology · 2020Review
- Systemic administration of pentoxifylline attenuates the development of hypertension in renovascular hypertensive rats.Hypertension research : official journal of the Japanese Society of Hypertension · 2020Article
- Deficiency of Tenascin-C Alleviates Neuronal Apoptosis and Neuroinflammation After Experimental Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in Mice.Molecular neurobiology · 2018Article
- Inhibitory effects of pentoxifylline on inflammation-related tumorigenesis in rat colon.Oncotarget · 2018Article
- Pentoxifylline and Methylprednisolone Additively Alleviate Kidney Failure and Prolong Survival of Rats after Renal Warm Ischemia-Reperfusion.International journal of molecular sciences · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Early brain injury (EBI) after subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) generally causes significant and lasting damage. Pentoxifylline (PTX), a nonselective phosphodiesterase inhibitor, has shown anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective properties in several brain injury models, but the role of PTX with respect to EBI following SAH remains uncertain. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of PTX on EBI after SAH in rats. Adult male Sprauge-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to the sham and SAH groups. PTX (30 or 60 mg/kg) or an equal volume of the administration vehicle (normal saline) was administrated at 30 min intervals following SAH. Neurological scores, brain edema, and neural cell apoptosis were evaluated. In order to explore other mechanisms, changes in the toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) and the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling pathway, in terms of the levels of apoptosis-associated proteins, were also investigated. We found that administration of PTX (60 mg/kg) notably improved neurological function and decreased brain edema at both 24 and 72 h following SAH. Treatment with PTX (60 mg/kg) significantly inhibited the protein expressions of TLR4, NF-κB, MyD88 and the downstream pro-inflammatory cytokines, such as the tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). PTX also significantly reduced neural cell death and BBB permeability. Our observations may be the first time that PTX has been shown to play a neuroprotective role in EBI after SAH, potentially by suppressing the TLR4/NF-κB inflammation-related pathway in the rat brain.
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Registered trials
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