ArticleSpringerPlus2016
WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators and prescribing trends of antibiotics in the Accident and Emergency Department of Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Pakistan.
Article in SpringerPlus, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 44 papers.
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44 citing papers in PubMed, 125 citations in OpenAlex.
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- A cross-sectional evaluation of rational antibiotic prescribing in Kabul based on WHO indicators.BMC infectious diseases · 2025Article
- Assessment of drug utilization evaluation and post-dispensing knowledge of ophthalmic medications: an explanatory sequential mixed-methods study at the University of Gondar Comprehensive Specialized Hospital, Northwest Ethiopia.BMC health services research · 2025Article
- Progress on the Global Research Agenda for Antimicrobial Resistance in Human Health in Pakistan: Findings and Implications.Infection and drug resistance · 2025Review
- WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators with a focus on antibiotics utilization patterns at outpatient department of Adigrat general hospital, Tigrai, Ethiopia: a retrospective cross-sectional study.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2024Article
- Antibiotic prescribing patterns in pediatric patients using the WHO access, watch, reserve (AWaRe) classification at a quaternary hospital in Nampula, Mozambique.Scientific reports · 2024Article
- Antibiotic prescription patterns in the emergency department of a tertiary healthcare center in Nepal: a descriptive cross-sectional study.The Journal of international medical research · 2024Article
- Hospital prescribing patterns of antibiotics in Zambia using the WHO prescribing indicators post-COVID-19 pandemic: findings and implications.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2024Article
- Assessment of antibiotic prescribing pattern and cost for hospitalized patients: A study from Palestine.PloS one · 2024Article
- Prevalence of inappropriate antibiotic doses among pediatric patients of inpatient, outpatient, and emergency care units in Bangladesh: A cross-sectional study.PLOS global public health · 2024Article
- Prescribing Patterns in a Primary Care Service in a Rural Site in the Philippines from April 2019 to March 2020 - A Cross-sectional Study.Acta medica Philippina · 2024Article
- WHO/INRUD prescribing indicators among tertiary regional referral hospitals in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: a call to strengthen antibiotic stewardship programmes.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2023Article
- Assessment of Prescribing Practices and Factors Related to Antibiotic Prescribing in Community Pharmacies.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2023Article
- A Cross-Sectional Study of Potential Antimicrobial Resistance and Ecology in Gastrointestinal and Oral Microbial Communities of Young Normoweight Pakistani Individuals.Microorganisms · 2023Article
- Drug Utilization Study of Gastroprotective Agents in Medicine and Surgery Wards of a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital.Cureus · 2023Article
- Assessment of drug use in primary health centers in Lagos State, Nigeria.The Pan African medical journal · 2022Observational
- Genetic Diversity ofMicroorganisms · 2021Article
- WHO/INRUD Core drug use indicators and commonly prescribed medicines: a National Survey from Sri Lanka.BMC pharmacology & toxicology · 2021Article
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
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No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
A descriptive, retrospective and cross sectional study was conducted to assess the prescribing practices and antibiotic use patterns in the Accident and Emergency department of the Bahawal Victoria Hospital, Bahawalpur, Pakistan. A sample of 4320 prescriptions (systematic random sampling) was drawn out of a total of 1,080,000 prescriptions written during the period 1st January-31st December 2014. The standard World Health Organization/International Network for Rational Use of Drugs prescribing indicators were used to determine the prescribing practices of physicians. Published ideal standards for each of the indicators were used to identify irrational drug use. We also utilized an additional indicator to report the percentage share of antibiotics prescribed. The average number of drugs prescribed per encounter was 2.3 (SD = 1.3) (optimal value 1.6-1.8). Drugs prescribed by generic name occurred 83.1% of the time (optimal value 100%). Antibiotics and injections were prescribed 52.4% (optimal value 20.0-26.8%) and 98.0% (optimal value 13.4-24.1%) of the time respectively. Drugs prescribed from the Essential Drugs List equated to 81.5% (optimal value 100%). Out of 52.4% (n = 2262) prescriptions with antibiotics prescribed, 77.7% (n = 1758) had one antibiotic, 22.1% (n = 499) included two antibiotics, and 0.2% (n = 5) had three antibiotics. Cephalosporins were the most commonly prescribed class of antibiotics (81.5%) followed by penicillins (6.4%) and fluoroquinolones (6.2%). Among the individual antibiotics, ceftriaxone contributed the highest percentage share at 71.8% followed by cefotaxime (5.6%) and metronidazole (4.7%). The most frequently prescribed antibiotic combination was ciprofloxacin with metronidazole (52.1%). Irrational prescribing practices were common. Continuous education and training of physicians is required to ensure rational prescribing at Bahawal Victoria Hospital in the future.
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