ArticleBMC complementary and alternative medicine2016
Native musk and synthetic musk ketone strongly induced the growth repression and the apoptosis of cancer cells.
Article in BMC complementary and alternative medicine, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 7 papers.
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Who cites it
7 citing papers in PubMed, 24 citations in OpenAlex.
- Unraveling the impact of chemoradiotherapy on hematopoietic function in cancer patients: a metabolomics-driven mechanistic investigation.Molecular and cellular biochemistry · 2026Review
- Comparison of the effects of natural, cultivated, and synthetic musk on preventing acute cerebral ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats.Journal of traditional Chinese medicine = Chung i tsa chih ying wen pan · 2026Article
- AI-assisted literature exploration of innovative Chinese medicine formulas.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Article
- Zoology, chemical composition, pharmacology, quality control and future perspective of Musk (Moschus): a review.Chinese medicine · 2021Review
- Musk ketone induces apoptosis of gastric cancer cells via downregulation of sorbin and SH3 domain containing 2.Molecular medicine reports · 2021Article
- Pien Tze Huang (PZH) as a Multifunction Medicinal Agent in Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM): a review on cellular, molecular and physiological mechanisms.Cancer cell international · 2021Review
- Inhibitory mechanism of muscone in liver cancer involves the induction of apoptosis and autophagy.Oncology reports · 2020Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundMusk is widely used in clinical practice for its anti-cancer properties. Here, we treated various types of cancer using musk to determine which cancers are sensitive to musk treatment. We also compared effects of native musk and synthetic musk ketone in cancer cells. Furthermore, we investigated mechanisms underlying effects of musk.
methodsTwenty two cancer cell lines were treated with musk. Cell proliferation and apoptosis analyses were carried out. Native musk and synthetic musk ketone were analyzed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer (GC-MS) assay. Differentially expressed genes were determined by microarray and quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction.
resultsNative musk strongly induced the growth repression and the apoptosis in the majority of cancer cell lines in a dose-dependent manner, but distinct types of cancer showed significantly different reactions. Cancer cells which originated from epithelial cells showed higher sensitivity for musk treatment. By contrast, leukaemia and lymphoma cells were not sensitive. GC-MS analysis demonstrated that native musk contains more than 30 contents in which musk ketone is a major component; synthetic musk ketone was consistent with natural musk ketone, and the used sample of synthetic musk ketone contained only sole component. Similar to native musk, synthetic musk ketone induced the growth repression and the apoptosis of cancer cells. Additionally, numerous genes were differentially expressed in lung cancer cells after native musk treatment. These differentially expressed genes were involved in many signalling pathways. Among these pathways, apoptosis-related pathways included interleukin family, tumor necrosis factor family, and MAPK signalling pathway. Native musk and synthetic musk ketone can up-regulate IL-24 (interleukin family) and DDIT3 (MAPK signalling pathway) in lung cancer cells.
conclusionsThis research provided strong evidence that native musk and synthetic musk ketone can induce the growth repression and the apoptosis of cancer cells. However, the selection of sensitive cancer patient for individualized treatment is a key step in clinical application. Synthetic musk ketone can substitute for native musk to treat cancer patients. Musk might induce the growth repression and the apoptosis of lung cancer cells through up-regulating IL-24 and DDIT3 expressions.
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