Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27930289›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2016

Unified framework for information integration based on information geometry.

Masafumi Oizumi, Naotsugu Tsuchiya, Shun-Ichi Amari

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 53 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
53citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

53 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
  3. Article
  4. Article
  5. Toward a unified taxonomy of information dynamics via Integrated Information Decomposition.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2025
    Article
  6. Neural network embedding of functional microconnectome.Network neuroscience (Cambridge, Mass.) · 2025
    Article
  7. Article
  8. Meta-representations as representations of processes.Neuroscience of consciousness · 2025
    Article
  9. Upper bounds for integrated information.PLoS computational biology · 2024
    Article
  10. Article
  11. Article
  12. Article
  13. Article
  14. Article
  15. Article
  16. Article
  17. Article
  18. Quantifying information of intracellular signaling: progress with machine learning.Reports on progress in physics. Physical Society (Great Britain) · 2022
    Review
  19. Article
  20. Embedding entropy: a nonlinear measure of dynamical causality.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2022
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

3 authors.

Masafumi OizumiRIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; oizumi@brain.riken.jp.
Naotsugu TsuchiyaSchool of Psychological Sciences, Faculty of Biomedical and Psychological Sciences, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3800, Australia.ORCID 0000-0003-4216-8701
Shun-Ichi AmariRIKEN Brain Science Institute, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Assessment of causal influences is a ubiquitous and important subject across diverse research fields. Drawn from consciousness studies, integrated information is a measure that defines integration as the degree of causal influences among elements. Whereas pairwise causal influences between elements can be quantified with existing methods, quantifying multiple influences among many elements poses two major mathematical difficulties. First, overestimation occurs due to interdependence among influences if each influence is separately quantified in a part-based manner and then simply summed over. Second, it is difficult to isolate causal influences while avoiding noncausal confounding influences. To resolve these difficulties, we propose a theoretical framework based on information geometry for the quantification of multiple causal influences with a holistic approach. We derive a measure of integrated information, which is geometrically interpreted as the divergence between the actual probability distribution of a system and an approximated probability distribution where causal influences among elements are statistically disconnected. This framework provides intuitive geometric interpretations harmonizing various information theoretic measures in a unified manner, including mutual information, transfer entropy, stochastic interaction, and integrated information, each of which is characterized by how causal influences are disconnected. In addition to the mathematical assessment of consciousness, our framework should help to analyze causal relationships in complex systems in a complete and hierarchical manner.

Indexed as

consciousnessinformation geometryintegrated informationmutual informationtransfer entropy

Identifiers

PMID27930289
PMCPMC5187746

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.