ArticleThe Journal of clinical psychiatry2017
Cadmium, Lead, and Depressive Symptoms: Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012.
Article in The Journal of clinical psychiatry, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 24 papers.
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Who cites it
24 citing papers in PubMed.
- Molecular Characterization of the Progressive Landscape of Depression.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Urinary copper is linked to regional cortical volume reductions in adolescents with major depressive disorder.Translational psychiatry · 2026Article
- Cross-sectional associations of self-reported firearm use with blood lead concentrations in a nationally representative cohort of US adults.Environmental epidemiology (Philadelphia, Pa.) · 2025Article
- A prospective study of a whole blood metal mixture and depressive symptoms among Black women from Detroit, Michigan.Neurotoxicology · 2025Article
- The interpretable machine learning model for depression associated with heavy metals via EMR mining method.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Temporal Changes in Lead and Cadmium Levels inToxics · 2025Article
- Dietary fiber intake moderates the impact of blood cadmium on depression: a nationally representative cross-sectional study.BMC public health · 2024Article
- Effects of Various Heavy Metal Exposures on Insulin Resistance in Non-diabetic Populations: Interpretability Analysis from Machine Learning Modeling Perspective.Biological trace element research · 2024Article
- Association between drinking water quality and mental health and the modifying role of diet: a prospective cohort study.BMC medicine · 2024Article
- Exposure to cadmium and lead is associated with diabetic kidney disease in diabetic patients.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2024Article
- Association between blood cadmium and depression varies by age and smoking status in US adult women: a cross-sectional study from NHANES 2005-2016.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2024Article
- Association of metalloestrogens exposure with depression in women across reproductive lifespan.Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Sleep duration mediates the association between heavy metals and the prevalence of depression: an integrated approach from the NHANES (2005-2020).Frontiers in psychiatry · 2024Article
- Sources of exposure to lead in Arctic and subarctic regions: a scoping review.International journal of circumpolar health · 2023Article
- Trace Elements Levels in Major Depressive Disorder-Evaluation of Potential Threats and Possible Therapeutic Approaches.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Development and validation of a predictive model for depression risk in the U.S. adult population: Evidence from the 2007-2014 NHANES.BMC psychology · 2023Article
- The Effect of Cadmium on Sleep Parameters Assessed in Polysomnographic Studies: A Case-Control Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2023Article
- Early pregnancy essential and non-essential metal mixtures and maternal antepartum and postpartum depressive symptoms.Neurotoxicology · 2023Article
- Gallic and ascorbic acids supplementation alleviate cognitive deficits and neuropathological damage exerted by cadmium chloride in Wistar rats.Scientific reports · 2022Article
- Machine learning model for depression based on heavy metals among aging people: A study with National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2017-2018.Frontiers in public health · 2022Article
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Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundSeveral studies have noted an association between tobacco smoke and depression. Cadmium and lead are neurotoxicant components of tobacco smoke. The objective of the present study is to investigate the potential association between blood cadmium (BCd) and blood lead (BPb) with current depressive symptoms in the US adult population.
methodsWe conducted cross-sectional analyses of adult participants (≥ 20 years) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2012 (N = 3,905). Multivariate logistic regressions were used to analyze the association between BCd and BPb with depressive symptoms; analyses were also stratified on sex and age groups (20-47 years and ≥ 48 years). Presence or absence of depressive symptoms was determined using the Patient Health Questionnaire module.
resultsIndividuals in the highest quartile of BCd had higher odds of having depressive symptoms (odds ratio = 1.68; 95% confidence limits: 1.12, 2.51). This association was found only in male participants and, more specifically, in younger adult male participants (20-47 years). We found that BPb, cigarette smoking, and obesity were associated with depressive symptoms in younger female adults.
conclusionsIn this study, we report associations between BCd and BPb with current depressive symptoms that were modified by age and sex. Reverse causation cannot be ruled out as a possible explanation since depression may lead to behavioral changes that increase exposure to cadmium and lead (ie, tobacco smoke). The continued efforts at reducing cadmium through tobacco smoking cessation programs may decrease the prevalence of current depressive symptoms.
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