ReviewCell death & disease2016
Extracellular histones, cell-free DNA, or nucleosomes: differences in immunostimulation.
Review in Cell death & disease, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 128 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
128 citing papers in PubMed, 222 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pharmacokinetics, lineage identity, and trafficking of ex vivo expanded polyclonal regulatory T cells in a prospective randomized clinical trial of kidney transplant recipients with allograft inflammation.American journal of transplantation : official journal of the American Society of Transplantation and the American Society of Transplant Surgeons · 2026Trial
- Trial
- Pregnancy-related disorders: molecular mechanisms and management.Molecular biomedicine · 2026Review
- Toll-like receptor 9-overexpressing red blood cell biomimetic microbubbles adsorb cell-free DNA to relieve steatotic liver ischemia-reperfusion injury.Materials today. Bio · 2026Article
- Role of post-translational modifications in modulating histone reactivity in the extracellular environment.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Staphylococcus aureus biofilm extracellular DNA neutralizes the antimicrobial activity of histone H3.NPJ biofilms and microbiomes · 2026Article
- Neutrophil extracellular traps drive peritoneal inflammation and tissue remodeling in pediatric peritoneal dialysis.Pediatric nephrology (Berlin, Germany) · 2026Article
- Novel perspectives on extracellular vesicles in autoimmune diseases: immunogenicity, inflammation, and immune surveillance.The Journal of clinical investigation · 2026Review
- A 5-hydroxymethylcytosine-based noninvasive model for acute myocardial infarction in type 2 diabetes: implications in cardiovascular outcomes from a 5-year median follow-up study.Cardiovascular diabetology · 2026Article
- Cell-Free DNA (cfDNA), Its Applications in Cancer Diagnosis and Monitoring, and Its Potential Role in Regulating Cancer Metabolism.Advances in experimental medicine and biology · 2026Review
- Neutrophil-T cell cross talk in noninfectious liver diseases.American journal of physiology. Gastrointestinal and liver physiology · 2026Review
- Regulation of histones in thromboinflammation.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Quantifying endothelial damage by digital droplet polymerase chain reaction (PCR) of endothelial cell-free DNA in COVID-19 patients.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2026Article
- The Role of Histone Modifications in Acute Lung Injury: Molecular Mechanisms and Potential of Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment.Journal of inflammation research · 2026Review
- Cell-Free DNA Levels During the First Hours After Liver Transplantation: A Key Biomarker for Patient Survival and Outcomes.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Histones present on the surface of late apoptotic cells induce RAGE-mediated phagocytosis.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2025Article
- Neutrophil extracellular traps-targeting therapy with deoxyribonuclease 1 reduces large vessel occlusion-induced downstream microvascular thromboinflammation in a rat model of stroke.Research and practice in thrombosis and haemostasis · 2025Article
- Endothelial Trauma Depends on Surface Charge and Extracellular Calcium Levels.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- From Natriuretic Peptides to microRNAs: Multi-Analyte Liquid Biopsy Horizons in Heart Failure.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- A feedback loop between DNA damage, genomic instability, and cytoplasmic DNA sensing contributes to cytokine production in COVID-19.Archives of virology · 2025Review
68 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
In inflammation, extensive cell death may occur, which results in the release of chromatin components into the extracellular environment. Individually, the purified chromatin components double stranded (ds)DNA and histones have been demonstrated, both in vitro and in vivo, to display various immunostimulatory effects, for example, histones induce cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling through toll-like receptor (TLR)2 and 4, while DNA induces signaling through TLR9 and intracellular nucleic acid sensing mechanisms. However, DNA and histones are organized in nucleosomes in the nucleus, and evidence suggests that nucleosomes are released as such in inflammation. The cytotoxicity and proinflammatory signaling induced by nucleosomes have not been studied as extensively as the separate effects brought about by histones and dsDNA, and there appear to be some marked differences. Remarkably, little distinction between the different forms in which histones circulate has been made throughout literature. This is partly due to the limitations of existing techniques to differentiate between histones in their free or DNA-bound form. Here we review the current understanding of immunostimulation induced by extracellular histones, dsDNA and nucleosomes, and discuss the importance of techniques that in their detection differentiate between these different chromatin components.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.