ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2016
Bias Due to Correlation Between Times-at-Risk for Infection in Epidemiologic Studies Measuring Biological Interactions Between Sexually Transmitted Infections: A Case Study Using Human Papillomavirus Type Interactions.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 10 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
10 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Evidence of synergistic relationships between HIV and Human Papillomavirus (HPV): systematic reviews and meta-analyses of longitudinal studies of HPV acquisition and clearance by HIV status, and of HIV acquisition by HPV status.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2018Pooled it
- Effect of HSV-2 infection on subsequent HIV acquisition: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2017Pooled it
- Impact of switching from a quadrivalent to a nonavalent HPV vaccine on HPV infections and cervical cancer in Colombia: a mathematical modelling study.Lancet regional health. Americas · 2026Article
- Reconstructing multi-strain pathogen interactions from cross-sectional survey data via statistical network inference.Journal of the Royal Society, Interface · 2023Article
- Concurrent Infection With Multiple Human Papillomavirus Types Among Unvaccinated and Vaccinated 17-Year-Old Norwegian Girls.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2022Article
- Global and regional estimates of the contribution of herpes simplex virus type 2 infection to HIV incidence: a population attributable fraction analysis using published epidemiological data.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Article
- Coinfections by noninteracting pathogens are not independent and require new tests of interaction.PLoS biology · 2019Article
- Capturing multiple-type interactions into practical predictors of type replacement following human papillomavirus vaccination.Philosophical transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological sciences · 2019Article
- Recurring infection with ecologically distinct HPV types can explain high prevalence and diversity.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2017Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The clustering of human papillomavirus (HPV) infections in some individuals is often interpreted as the result of common risk factors rather than biological interactions between different types of HPV. The intraindividual correlation between times-at-risk for all HPV infections is not generally considered in the analysis of epidemiologic studies. We used a deterministic transmission model to simulate cross-sectional and prospective epidemiologic studies measuring associations between 2 HPV types. When we assumed no interactions, the model predicted that studies would estimate odds ratios and incidence rate ratios greater than 1 between HPV types even after complete adjustment for sexual behavior. We demonstrated that this residual association is due to correlation between the times-at-risk for different HPV types, where individuals become concurrently at risk for all of their partners' HPV types when they enter a partnership and are not at risk when they are single. This correlation can be controlled in prospective studies by restricting analyses to susceptible individuals with an infected sexual partner. The bias in the measured associations was largest in low-sexual-activity populations, cross-sectional studies, and studies which evaluated infection with a first HPV type as the exposure. These results suggest that current epidemiologic evidence does not preclude the existence of competitive biological interactions between HPV types.
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