ArticlePharmaceutical biology2017
Immunoadjuvant potential of cross-linked dextran microspheres mixed with chitosan nanospheres encapsulated with tetanus toxoid.
Article in Pharmaceutical biology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 9 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
9 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Two decades of global research on tetanus vaccines and tetanus immunoglobulins: a comprehensive bibliometric analysis and integrative review (2000-2025).Frontiers in cellular and infection microbiology · 2026Pooled it
- High drug loading hydrophobic cross-linked dextran microspheres as novel drug delivery systems for the treatment of osteoarthritis.Asian journal of pharmaceutical sciences · 2023Article
- The Role of Mucoadhesion and Mucopenetration in the Immune Response Induced by Polymer-Based Mucosal Adjuvants.Polymers · 2023Review
- Excipients Used for Modified Nasal Drug Delivery: A Mini-Review of the Recent Advances.Materials (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Review
- The dry powder formulation of mixed cross-linked dextran microspheres and tetanus toxoid-loaded trimethyl chitosan nanospheres as a potent adjuvant for nasal delivery system.Iranian journal of basic medical sciences · 2021Article
- Biological properties the novel application of N-trimethyl chitosan nanospheres as a stabilizer and preservative in tetanus vaccine.Clinical and experimental vaccine research · 2021Article
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems for Loading of Natural Plant Extracts and Their Biomedical Applications.International journal of nanomedicine · 2020Review
- Toxoid Vaccination against Bacterial Infection Using Cell Membrane-Coated Nanoparticles.Bioconjugate chemistry · 2018Review
- Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
3 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
contextNasal mucosa is a desirable route for mucosal vaccine delivery. Mucosal co-administration of chitosan nanoparticles with absorption enhancers such as cross-linked dextran microspheres (CDM, Sephadex
objectiveIn the current study, the chitosan nanospheres loaded with tetanus toxoid (CHT:TT NPs) was prepared and characterized. The immune responses against tetanus toxoid after nasal administration of CHT:TT NPs alone or mixed with CDM were also determined. MATERIALS AND
methodsChitosan nanospheres were prepared by ionic gelation method. Particle size, releasing profile and antigen stability were evaluated by dynamic light scattering, diffusion chamber and SDS-PAGE methods, respectively. Rabbits were nasally immunized with different formulations loaded with 40 Lf TT. After three times immunizations with 2 weeks intervals, sera IgG titres and nasal lavage sIgA titres were determined.
resultsMean size of CHT NPs and CHT:TT NPs were 205 ± 42 nm and 432 ± 85 nm, respectively. The release profile showed that 42.4 ± 10.5% of TT was released after 30 min and reached to a steady state after 1.5 h. Stability of encapsulated TT in nanospheres was confirmed by SDS-PAGE. The antibody titres showed that CHT:TT NPs-induced antibody titres were higher than TT solution. CHT NPs mixed with CDM induced the systemic IgG and nasal lavage sIgA titres higher than intranasal administration of TT solution (p < 0.001). DISCUSSION AND
conclusionAs the results indicated, these CHT:TT NPs when co-administered with CDM were able to induce more immune responses and have the potential to be used in mucosal immunization.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.