Trial reportObstetrics and gynecology2017
Effects of Calcium, Vitamin D, and Hormone Therapy on Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in the Women's Health Initiative: A Randomized Controlled Trial.
Trial report in Obstetrics and gynecology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT00000611 (Women's Health Initiative), which is not on this map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Women's Health Initiative (WHI)
Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 22 citations in OpenAlex.
- Fish Consumption and Coronary Heart Disease: A Meta-Analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Luteolin Inhibits Ferroptosis of HUVEC by Regulating the Sirt1/Nrf2 Pathway.Cell biochemistry and biophysics · 2025Article
- Unraveling Estrogen and PCSK9's Roles in Lipid Metabolism Disorders among Ovariectomized Mice.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2025Article
- Accelerated Ovarian Aging Among Type 2 Diabetes Patients and Its Association With Adverse Lipid Profile.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2022Article
- The Efficacy of Calcium Carbonate-Vitamin D3 in Pregnant Women for the Prevention of Hypertensive Disorders in Pregnancy.Evidence-based complementary and alternative medicine : eCAM · 2022Article
- Vitamin D Regulates CXCL12/CXCR4 and Epithelial-to-Mesenchymal Transition in a Model of Breast Cancer Metastasis to Lung.Endocrinology · 2021Article
- Dietary cholesterol and egg intake in relation to incident cardiovascular disease and all-cause and cause-specific mortality in postmenopausal women.The American journal of clinical nutrition · 2021Article
- The changes in miR-221 and miR-222 before and after interventional therapy of coronary heart disease and analysis of their correlation with inflammatory factors and prognosis.American journal of translational research · 2021Article
- The Impact of Obesity on the Association between Vitamin D Deficiency and Cardiovascular Disease.Nutrients · 2019Review
- Ancestry-specific polygenic scores and SNP heritability of 25(OH)D in African- and European-ancestry populations.Human genetics · 2019Article
- Vitamin D and cause-specific vascular disease and mortality: a Mendelian randomisation study involving 99,012 Chinese and 106,911 European adults.BMC medicine · 2019Observational
- 17β-Estradiol Inhibits PCSK9-Mediated LDLR Degradation Through GPER/PLC Activation in HepG2 Cells.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
16 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveTo analyze the treatment effect of calcium+vitamin D supplementation, hormone therapy, both, and neither on cardiovascular disease risk factors.
methodsWe conducted a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial among Women's Health Initiative (WHI) participants. The predefined primary outcome was low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C).
resultsBetween September 1993 and October 1998, a total of 68,132 women aged 50-79 years were recruited and randomized to the WHI-Dietary Modification (n=48,835) and WHI-Hormone Therapy trials (n=27,347). Subsequently, 36,282 women from WHI-Hormone Therapy (16,089) and WHI-Dietary Modification (n=25,210) trials were randomized in the WHI-Calcium+Vitamin D trial to 1,000 mg elemental calcium carbonate plus 400 international units vitamin D3 daily or placebo. Our study group included 1,521 women who participated in both the hormone therapy and calcium+vitamin D trials and were in the 6% subsample of trial participants with blood sample collections at baseline and years 1, 3, and 6. The average treatment effect with 95% confidence interval, for LDL-C, compared with placebo, was -1.6, (95% confidence interval [CI] -5.5 to 2.2) mg/dL for calcium+vitamin D alone, -9.0 (95% CI -13.0 to -5.1) mg/dL for hormone therapy alone, and -13.8 (95% CI -17.8 to -9.8) mg/dL for the combination. There was no evidence of a synergistic effect of calcium+vitamin D+hormone therapy on LDL-C (P value for interaction=.26) except in those with low total intakes of vitamin D, for whom there was a significant synergistic effect on LDL (P value for interaction=.03).
conclusionReductions in LDL-C were greater among women randomized to both calcium+vitamin D and hormone therapy than for those randomized to either intervention alone or to placebo. The treatment effect observed in the calcium+vitamin D+hormone therapy combination group may be additive rather than synergistic. For clinicians and patients deciding to begin calcium+vitamin D supplementation, current use of hormone therapy should not influence that decision. CLINICAL
trial registrationClinicalTrials.gov, https://clinicaltrials.gov, NCT00000611.
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