ReviewAdvances in applied microbiology2016
Pathogen and Particle Associations in Wastewater: Significance and Implications for Treatment and Disinfection Processes.
Review in Advances in applied microbiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 61 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
61 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Pooled it
- Synthesis of selenium particles using Durio zibethinus seed extract.Discover nano · 2026Article
- Baseline Investigation of Non-Wild-Type Bacterial Indicators and Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Urban Wastewater from Patras, Greece.Microorganisms · 2026Article
- Eggshell-Activated Carbon from Water Hyacinths for Heavy Metal Removal from Wastewater: Isotherm and Kinetic Studies.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Article
- Transkingdom Interactions Between Viruses and Bacteria: Implications for Wastewater Treatment Efficiency.Food and environmental virology · 2026Review
- Assessing Recreational Safety of Urban Marine Waters: Long-Term Coliform and Enterococcus Analysis.Water environment research : a research publication of the Water Environment Federation · 2026Article
- Marine Algae as Sustainable Platforms for the Green Synthesis of Metal Nanoparticles.ACS omega · 2026Review
- Targeting Microorganisms in Lignocellulosic Biomass to Produce Biogas and Ensure Sanitation and Hygiene.Microorganisms · 2026Review
- Article
- Microbial Contamination Risks From Adjacent and Nearby Land: Evidence and Implications for Produce Safety.Journal of food science · 2026Review
- Development and testing of a novel compact system for municipal wastewater treatment and irrigation using advanced technologies.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Incidence and temporal distribution of SARS-CoV-2 circulating in the municipal wastewaters of the Buffalo City region, Eastern Cape, South Africa.Global epidemiology · 2025Article
- Surface modifications of graphitic carbon nitride with metal particles and polymer blend as antibacterial and dye removal agents.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Surface modifications of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles with citric acid, selenium, and silver combining with polymer blend as antibacterial agent.Discover nano · 2025Article
- Antimicrobial ResistantInternational journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Article
- Wastewater Surveillance for Group APathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Health risk attributed to consumption of vegetables irrigated with different effluents containing enteric viruses via QMRA and DALY.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Post-recovery viral shedding shapes wastewater-based epidemiological inferences.Communications medicine · 2025Article
- Quantification of Particle-Associated Viruses in Secondary Treated Wastewater Effluent.Food and environmental virology · 2025Article
- Biochar suppresses conjugative transfer of antibiotic resistance genes in manure-amended soils.The ISME journal · 2025Article
1 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Disinfection guidelines exist for pathogen inactivation in potable water and recycled water, but wastewater with high numbers of particles can be more difficult to disinfect, making compliance with the guidelines problematic. Disinfection guidelines specify that drinking water with turbidity ≥1 Nephelometric Turbidity Units (NTU) is not suitable for disinfection and therefore not fit for purpose. Treated wastewater typically has higher concentrations of particles (1-10NTU for secondary treated effluent). Two processes widely used for disinfecting wastewater are chlorination and ultraviolet radiation. In both cases, particles in wastewater can interfere with disinfection and can significantly increase treatment costs by increasing operational expenditure (chemical demand, power consumption) or infrastructure costs by requiring additional treatment processes to achieve the required levels of pathogen inactivation. Many microorganisms (viruses, bacteria, protozoans) associate with particles, which can allow them to survive disinfection processes and cause a health hazard. Improved understanding of this association will enable development of cost-effective treatment, which will become increasingly important as indirect and direct potable reuse of wastewater becomes more widespread in both developed and developing countries. This review provides an overview of wastewater and associated treatment processes, the pathogens in wastewater, the nature of particles in wastewater and how they interact with pathogens, and how particles can impact disinfection processes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.