ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2016
Population Attributable Risk of Modifiable and Nonmodifiable Breast Cancer Risk Factors in Postmenopausal Breast Cancer.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 96 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
96 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 212 citations in OpenAlex.
- The Relationship Between Climate Change and Breast Cancer and Its Management and Preventative Implications in South Africa.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2025Pooled it
- Modifiable risk factors in women at high risk of breast cancer: a systematic review.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2023Pooled it
- A Meta-Analysis of Induced Abortion, Alcohol Consumption, and Smoking Triggering Breast Cancer Risk among Women from Developed and Least Developed Countries.International journal of clinical practice · 2022Pooled it
- Solar Ultraviolet Radiation and Breast Cancer Risk: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.Environmental health perspectives · 2020Pooled it
- The impact of high-intensity interval exercise training on NK-cell function and circulating myokines for breast cancer prevention among women at high risk for breast cancer.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2021Trial
- Trial
- Effects of Pre- and Post-treatment of Idebenone on the Side Effects of the Chemotherapy Model with Cyclophosphamide in the Rat Ovary.Reproductive sciences (Thousand Oaks, Calif.) · 2026Article
- AGO Recommendations for the Diagnosis and Treatment of Patients with Early Breast Cancer: Update 2026.Breast care (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Review
- Generational trends in reproductive factors among women in the US: implications for breast cancer incidence.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- The Complex Path from Mammary Ductal Hyperplasia to Breast Cancer: Elevated Malignancy Risk in Atypical Forms.Biomedicines · 2026Review
- Oral microbiome and postmenopausal breast cancer risk: findings from the NIH-AARP diet and health study.Journal of oral microbiology · 2026Article
- Adiponectin 1 receptor is increased but not adiponectin levels in the tumour microenvironment of postmenopausal women with breast cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2025Article
- The association between physical activity and mammography screening utilization: a longitudinal analysis, health retirement study (2004-2016).BMC public health · 2025Article
- Population attributable risk of a competing-risk model for breast cancer and non-breast cancer death among women ≥ 65 years.Breast cancer research and treatment · 2025Article
- Breastfeeding attributable fraction of triple negative breast cancer in the US.NPJ breast cancer · 2025Article
- Associations between dietary exposure to profiles of metalloestrogens and estrogen-receptor positive breast cancer risk in the French E3N cohort.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2025Article
- Efferocytosis-related gene IL33 predicts prognosis and immune response and mediates proliferation and migrationFrontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Impact of physical activity on the prevention of breast cancer in postmenopausal women: A Protocol for systematic review and meta-analysis.Journal of education and health promotion · 2025Article
- The association between an individual's development of non-communicable diseases and their spouse's development of the same disease: the Longitudinal Survey of Middle-aged and Elderly Persons.Environmental health and preventive medicine · 2025Article
- Risk perception regarding social determinants of health among women with breast cancer in Iran: a qualitative study.BMJ open · 2024Article
36 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors.
Funding
Abstract
We examined the proportions of multiple types of breast cancers in the population that were attributable to established risk factors, focusing on behaviors that are modifiable at menopause. We estimated the full and partial population attributable risk percentages (PAR%) by combining the relative risks and the observed prevalence rates of the risk factors of interest. A total of 8,421 cases of invasive breast cancer developed in postmenopausal women (n = 121,700) in the Nurses' Health Study from 1980-2010. We included the following modifiable risk factors in our analyses: weight change since age 18 years, alcohol consumption, physical activity level, breastfeeding, and menopausal hormone therapy use. Additionally, the following nonmodifiable factors were included: age, age at menarche, height, a combination of parity and age at first birth, body mass index at age 18 years, family history of breast cancer, and prior benign breast disease. When we considered all risk factors (and controlled for age), the PAR% for invasive breast cancers was 70.0% (95% confidence interval: 55.0, 80.7). When considering only modifiable factors, we found that changing the risk factor profile to the lowest weight gain, no alcohol consumption, high physical activity level, breastfeeding, and no menopausal hormone therapy use was associated with a PAR% of 34.6% (95% confidence interval: 22.7, 45.4). The PAR% for modifiable factors was higher for estrogen receptor-positive breast cancers (PAR% = 39.7%) than for estrogen receptor-negative breast cancers (PAR% = 27.9%). Risk factors that are modifiable at menopause account for more than one-third of postmenopausal breast cancers; therefore, a substantial proportion of breast cancer in the United States is preventable.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.