ArticleBMC infectious diseases2016
Geographical distribution of typhoid risk factors in low and middle income countries.
Article in BMC infectious diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Risk Factors for Typhoid Fever: Systematic Review.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2025Pooled it
- Estimating Typhoid Fever Risk Associated with Lack of Access to Safe Water: A Systematic Literature Review.Journal of environmental and public health · 2018Pooled it
- Safety and immunogenicity of conjugate vaccine for typhoid (Vi-DT): Finding from an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomized, non-inferiority, phase III clinical trial among healthy volunteers.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2024Trial
- A randomized, observer-blind, controlled phase III clinical trial assessing safety and immunological non-inferiority of Vi-diphtheria toxoid versus Vi-tetanus toxoid typhoid conjugate vaccine in healthy volunteers in eastern Nepal.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Safety and immunogenicity of the Vi-DT typhoid conjugate vaccine in healthy volunteers in Nepal: an observer-blind, active-controlled, randomised, non-inferiority, phase 3 trial.The Lancet. Infectious diseases · 2022Trial
- Typhoid Vaccine Acceleration Consortium Malawi: A Phase III, Randomized, Double-blind, Controlled Trial of the Clinical Efficacy of Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine Among Children in Blantyre, Malawi.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Trial
- Family traditions, accessibility and cost shape the continued reliance on Cajanus cajan and Azadirachta indica for malaria and typhoid despite prescription medicines in urban and rural Nsukka, Nigeria.BMC complementary medicine and therapies · 2026Article
- Seroincidence Rate of Typhoidal Salmonella in Children, Kenya, 2017-2018.Emerging infectious diseases · 2026Article
- False positive results in the Widal test in adults immunized with the Commirnaty (Pfizer-BioNtech) and BBIBP-CorV (Sinopharm) vaccines against COVID-19.Frontiers in medicine · 2025Article
- Spatial and Temporal Distribution of Febrile Illnesses in Uganda: Case Studies of Brucellosis, Malaria and Typhoid Fever (2016-2023).Journal of tropical medicine · 2025Article
- Salmonellosis: An Overview of Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Innovative Approaches to Mitigate the Antimicrobial Resistant Infections.Antibiotics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Review
- Health facility-based prevalence of typhoid fever, typhus and malaria among individuals suspected of acute febrile illnesses in Southwest Region, Ethiopia.Frontiers in epidemiology · 2024Article
- A Phase 3, Multicenter, Randomized, Controlled Trial to Evaluate Immune Equivalence and Safety of Multidose and Single-dose Formulations of Vi-DT Typhoid Conjugate Vaccine in Healthy Filipino Individuals 6 Months to 45 Years of Age.The Lancet regional health. Western Pacific · 2022Article
- Immune persistence and response to booster dose of Vi-DT vaccine at 27.5 months post-first dose.NPJ vaccines · 2022Article
- Typhoid perforation in children below 5 years: a 10-year review of cases managed and outcome.Pediatric surgery international · 2022Article
- Geographically Weighted Regression Modeling of Spatial Clustering and Determinants of Focal Typhoid Fever Incidence.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Geographical distribution of risk factors for invasive non-typhoidal Salmonella at the subnational boundary level in sub-Saharan Africa.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Article
- The Benefits of Exporting: Engineered Extracellular Vesicles as Promising Vaccine Candidates against Enteric Fever.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Safety and immunogenicity of Vi-DT conjugate vaccine among 6-23-month-old children: Phase II, randomized, dose-scheduling, observer-blind Study.EClinicalMedicine · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
4 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundWhile the global burden of typhoid fever has been often brought up for attention, the detailed surveillance information has only been available for the limited number of countries. As more efficacious vaccines will be available in the near future, it is essential to understand the geographically diverse patterns of typhoid risk levels and to prioritize the right populations for vaccination to effectively control the disease.
methodsA composite index called the typhoid risk factor (TRF) index was created based on data with the Global Positioning System (GPS). Demographic and Health Surveys (DHS) and National Geographical Data Center (NGDC) satellite lights data were used for this analysis. A count model was adopted to validate the TRF index against the existing surveillance burden data. The TRF index was then re-estimated for 66 countries using the most recent data and mapped out for two geographical levels (sub-national boundary and grid-cell levels).
resultsThe TRF index which consists of drinking water sources, toilet facility types, and population density appeared to be statistically significant to explain variation in the disease burden data. The mapping analysis showed that typhoid risk levels vary not only by country but also by sub-national region. The grid-cell level analysis highlighted that the distribution of typhoid risk factors is uneven within the sub-national boundary level. Typhoid risk levels are geographically heterogeneous.
conclusionsGiven the insufficient number of surveillance studies, the TRF index serves as a useful tool by capturing multiple risk factors of the disease into a single indicator. This will help decision makers identify high risk areas for typhoid as well as other waterborne diseases. Further, the study outcome can guide researchers to find relevant places for future surveillance studies.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.