ArticleThe Pediatric infectious disease journal2017
Etiology of Acute Otitis Media in Children Less Than 5 Years of Age: A Pooled Analysis of 10 Similarly Designed Observational Studies.
Article in The Pediatric infectious disease journal, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 16 papers.
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Who cites it
16 citing papers in PubMed, 52 citations in OpenAlex.
- A randomized, open-label, phase 3 study evaluating safety and immunogenicity of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine in Chinese infants and children under 6 years of age.Human vaccines & immunotherapeutics · 2023Trial
- Characteristics and antimicrobial susceptibility of bacteria causing acute otitis media in children at Vietnam National Children's Hospital: a cross-sectional study.JAC-antimicrobial resistance · 2025Article
- A brief history of and future prospects for pneumococcal vaccination in Malaysia.Pneumonia (Nathan Qld.) · 2023Review
- New insights into the treatment of acute otitis media.Expert review of anti-infective therapy · 2023Review
- Nasopharyngeal rapid diagnostic testing to reduce unnecessary antibiotic use and individualize management of acute otitis media.Antimicrobial stewardship & healthcare epidemiology : ASHE · 2023Article
- On-Demand Synthesis of Antiseptics at the Site of Infection for Treatment of Otitis Media.Nano today · 2022Article
- Incidence of acute otitis media in children < 16 years old in Germany during 2014-2019.BMC pediatrics · 2022Article
- A Retrospective Database Analysis to Estimate the Burden of Acute Otitis Media in Children Aged <15 Years in the Veneto Region (Italy)Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Silver Nanoparticles as an Effective Antimicrobial against Otitis Media Pathogens.AIChE journal. American Institute of Chemical Engineers · 2021Article
- Panel 6: Otitis media and associated hearing loss among disadvantaged populations and low to middle-income countries.International journal of pediatric otorhinolaryngology · 2020Article
- Article
- Antibiotic Recommendations for Acute Otitis Media and Acute Bacterial Sinusitis: Conundrum No More.The Pediatric infectious disease journal · 2018Article
- Synergy between chemical permeation enhancers and drug permeation across the tympanic membrane.Journal of controlled release : official journal of the Controlled Release Society · 2018Article
- Treatment of Streptococcus pneumoniae otitis media in a chinchilla model by transtympanic delivery of antibiotics.JCI insight · 2018Article
- Changes in the serotype distribution of Streptococcus pneumoniae causing otitis media after PCV13 introduction in Spain.PloS one · 2018Article
- Review
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Authors and funding
13 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundAcute otitis media (AOM) is an important cause of childhood morbidity and antibiotic prescriptions. However, the relative importance of the well-known otopathogens, Streptococcus pneumoniae (Spn) and Haemophilus influenzae (Hflu), remains unclear because of a limited number of tympanocentesis-based studies that vary significantly in populations sampled, case definitions and heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine use.
methodsWe conducted a pooled analysis of results from 10 AOM etiology studies of similar design, the protocols of which were derived from a common protocol and conducted in children 3 months to 5 years of age in different countries. Generalized estimating equations were used to account for within-study correlations.
resultsThe majority, 55.5% (95% confidence interval: 47.0%-65.7%) of 1124 AOM episodes, were bacterial pathogen positive: 29.1% (24.8%-34.1%) yielded Hflu and 23.6% (19.0%-29.2%) Spn. Proportions of Hflu and Spn were higher and lower, respectively, in heptavalent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine-vaccinated children. Hflu and Spn were each isolated from 20% to 35% of children in every 1-year age range. Hflu was less likely to be isolated from first (vs. subsequent) episodes [relative risk (RR): 0.71 (0.60-0.84)]. Spn was more often isolated from sporadic (vs. recurrent) cases [RR: 0.76 (0.61-0.97)]; the opposite was true for Hflu [RR: 1.4 (1.00-1.96)]. Spn cases were more likely to present with severe (vs. mild) symptoms [RR: 1.42 (1.01-2.01)] and Hflu cases with severe tympanic membrane inflammation [RR: 1.35 (1.06-1.71)].
conclusionsSpn and Hflu remain the leading otopathogens in all populations examined. While associated with overlapping symptoms and severity, they exhibit some differences in their likelihood to cause disease in specific subpopulations.
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