ArticlePLoS neglected tropical diseases2016
Comparison of the Estimated Incidence of Acute Leptospirosis in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania between 2007-08 and 2012-14.
Article in PLoS neglected tropical diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 26 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
26 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 29 citations in OpenAlex.
- Leptospirosis Seroprevalence in Humans and Livestock of East Africa: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis (2000-2024).Veterinary medicine and science · 2025Pooled it
- A systematic review and meta-analysis of the epidemiology of Leptospirosis in HIV uninfected and in people living with HIV from the Southern African Development Community.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Pooled it
- Epidemiology of leptospirosis in Tanzania: A review of the current status, serogroup diversity and reservoirs.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Methods for estimating the burden of acute tropical infectious diseases: A scoping review.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2026Article
- Leptospirosis Incidence at Four Sites in Sub-Saharan Africa and South East Asia: An International Multi-Site Hybrid Surveillance Study.Open forum infectious diseases · 2026Article
- Estimating scrub typhus and murine typhus incidence among adolescents and adults in Yangon, Myanmar.Tropical medicine & international health : TM & IH · 2025Article
- Leptospira seroprevalence and associated risk factors among cattle in Bor County, South Sudan.PloS one · 2025Article
- Prevalence and risk factors for human leptospirosis at a hospital serving a pastoralist community, Endulen, Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Seroepidemiology of Leptospira serovar Hardjo and associated risk factors in smallholder dairy cattle in Tanzania.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2023Article
- Facility-based disease surveillance and Bayesian hierarchical modeling to estimate endemic typhoid fever incidence, Kilimanjaro Region, Tanzania, 2007-2018.PLoS neglected tropical diseases · 2022Article
- Incidence Estimates of Acute Q Fever and Spotted Fever Group Rickettsioses, Kilimanjaro, Tanzania, from 2007 to 2008 and from 2012 to 2014.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2021Article
- Incidence of Acute Myocardial Infarction in Northern Tanzania: A Modeling Approach Within a Prospective Observational Study.Journal of the American Heart Association · 2021Observational
- Ending the Neglect of Treatable Bacterial Zoonoses Responsible for Non-Malaria Fevers.The Yale journal of biology and medicine · 2021Review
- Investigation of Melioidosis Using Blood Culture and Indirect Hemagglutination Assay Serology among Patients with Fever, Northern Tanzania.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Molecular Detection and Typing of PathogenicThe American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Estimating acute human leptospirosis incidence in northern Tanzania using sentinel site and community behavioural surveillance.Zoonoses and public health · 2020Article
- Estimation of Incidence of Typhoid and Paratyphoid Fever in Vientiane, Lao People's Democratic Republic.The American journal of tropical medicine and hygiene · 2020Article
- Prevalence ofAfrican health sciences · 2020Article
- Investigating the Immunological and Biological Equilibrium of Reservoir Hosts and PathogenicFrontiers in microbiology · 2020Review
- Fever, bacterial zoonoses, and One Health in sub-Saharan Africa.Clinical medicine (London, England) · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
14 authors at 8 institutions in 4 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundThe sole report of annual leptospirosis incidence in continental Africa of 75-102 cases per 100,000 population is from a study performed in August 2007 through September 2008 in the Kilimanjaro Region of Tanzania. To evaluate the stability of this estimate over time, we estimated the incidence of acute leptospirosis in Kilimanjaro Region, northern Tanzania for the time period 2012-2014. METHODOLOGY AND PRINCIPAL
findingsLeptospirosis cases were identified among febrile patients at two sentinel hospitals in the Kilimanjaro Region. Leptospirosis was diagnosed by serum microscopic agglutination testing using a panel of 20 Leptospira serovars belonging to 17 separate serogroups. Serum was taken at enrolment and patients were asked to return 4-6 weeks later to provide convalescent serum. Confirmed cases required a 4-fold rise in titre and probable cases required a single titre of ≥800. Findings from a healthcare utilisation survey were used to estimate multipliers to adjust for cases not seen at sentinel hospitals. We identified 19 (1.7%) confirmed or probable cases among 1,115 patients who presented with a febrile illness. Of cases, the predominant reactive serogroups were Australis 8 (42.1%), Sejroe 3 (15.8%), Grippotyphosa 2 (10.5%), Icterohaemorrhagiae 2 (10.5%), Pyrogenes 2 (10.5%), Djasiman 1 (5.3%), Tarassovi 1 (5.3%). We estimated that the annual incidence of leptospirosis was 11-18 cases per 100,000 population. This was a significantly lower incidence than 2007-08 (p<0.001).
conclusionsWe estimated a much lower incidence of acute leptospirosis than previously, with a notable absence of cases due to the previously predominant serogroup Mini. Our findings indicate a dynamic epidemiology of leptospirosis in this area and highlight the value of multi-year surveillance to understand leptospirosis epidemiology.
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