ArticlePloS one2016
Increased Nasopharyngeal Density and Concurrent Carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Moraxella catarrhalis Are Associated with Pneumonia in Febrile Children.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- The association between bacteria colonizing the upper respiratory tract and lower respiratory tract infection in young children: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Clinical microbiology and infection : the official publication of the European Society of Clinical Microbiology and Infectious Diseases · 2021Pooled it
- Characteristics of meningitis following transsphenoidal endoscopic surgery: a case series and a systematic literature review.Infection · 2017Pooled it
- Shotgun metagenomic profiling of bacterial microbiomes, metagenome-assembled genomes and antimicrobial resistance in respiratory and blood samples from Gambian children with pneumonia.Research square · 2026Article
- Genetic population structure of Haemophilus influenzae at local and global scales.Nature microbiology · 2025Article
- The metabolic, microbial and immunological demands of pneumococcal colonisation.PLoS pathogens · 2025Review
- Pneumococcal density and respiratory co-detection in severe pediatric pneumonia in Laos.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Review
- Pathogenic features and clinical characteristics of acute community-acquired lower respiratory tract infections.Pakistan journal of medical sciences · 2024Article
- Limited protection of pneumococcal vaccines against emergent Streptococcus pneumoniae serotype 14/ST876 strains.Infection · 2024Article
- Viral etiologies of lower respiratory tract infections in children < 5 years of age in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a prospective case-control study.Virology journal · 2023Article
- Febrile Children with Pneumonia Have Higher Nasopharyngeal Bacterial Load Than Other Children with Fever.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2023Article
- Throat Swab Culture Positivity and Antibiotic Resistance Profiles in Children 2-5 Years of Age Suspected of Bacterial Tonsillitis at Hargeisa Group of Hospitals, Somaliland: A Cross-Sectional Study.International journal of microbiology · 2023Article
- Characterization of the upper respiratory tract microbiota in Chilean asthmatic children reveals compositional, functional, and structural differences.Frontiers in allergy · 2023Article
- Article
- Prophylactic Inhibition of Colonization by Streptococcus pneumoniae with the Secondary Bile Acid Metabolite Deoxycholic Acid.Infection and immunity · 2021Article
- Article
- The Impact of Intraspecies and Interspecies Bacterial Interactions on Disease Outcome.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Review
- Article
- Viral-bacterial (co-)occurrence in the upper airways and the risk of childhood pneumonia in resource-limited settings.The Journal of infection · 2020Article
- Nasopharyngeal density of respiratory viruses in childhood pneumonia in a highly vaccinated setting: findings from a case-control study.BMJ open respiratory research · 2020Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
11 authors at 5 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundWe assessed nasopharyngeal (NP) carriage of five pathogens in febrile children with and without acute respiratory infection (ARI) of the upper (URTI) or lower tract, attending health facilities in Tanzania.
methodsNP swabs collected from children (N = 960) aged 2 months to 10 years, and with a temperature ≥38°C, were utilized to quantify bacterial density of S. pneumoniae (Sp), H. influenzae (Hi), M. catarrhalis (Mc), S. aureus (Sa), and N. meningitidis (Nm). We determined associations between presence of individual species, densities, or concurrent carriage of all species combination with respiratory diseases including clinical pneumonia, pneumonia with normal chest radiography (CXR) and endpoint pneumonia.
resultsIndividual carriage, and NP density, of Sp, Hi, or Mc, but not Sa, or Nm, was significantly associated with febrile ARI and clinical pneumonia when compared to febrile non-ARI episodes. Density was also significantly increased in severe pneumonia when compared to mild URTI (Sp, p<0.002; Hi p<0.001; Mc, p = 0.014). Accordingly, concurrent carriage of Sp+, Hi+, and Mc+, in the absence of Sa- and Nm-, was significantly more prevalent in children with ARI (p = 0.03), or clinical pneumonia (p<0.001) than non-ARI, and in children with clinical pneumonia (p = 0.0007) than URTI. Furthermore, Sp+, Hi+, and Mc+ differentiated children with pneumonia with normal CXR, or endpoint pneumonia, from those with URTI, and non-ARI cases.
conclusionsConcurrent NP carriage of Sp, Hi, and Mc was a predictor of clinical pneumonia and identified children with pneumonia with normal CXR and endpoint pneumonia from those with febrile URTI, or non-ARI episodes.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.