ArticlePloS one2016
Moderate Levels of Pre-Treatment HIV-1 Antiretroviral Drug Resistance Detected in the First South African National Survey.
Article in PloS one, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 51 citations in OpenAlex.
- Major Drug Resistance Mutations on Reverse Transcriptase Gene in Human Immunodeficiency Virus Type-1 in Indonesia: A Systematic Review.Current HIV/AIDS reports · 2024Pooled it
- Trends in HIV-1 pretreatment drug resistance and HIV-1 variant dynamics among antiretroviral therapy-naive Ethiopians from 2003 to 2018: a pooled sequence analysis.Virology journal · 2023Pooled it
- Prevalence, associated factors and geospatial patterns of HIV drug resistance in South Africa among the virally unsuppressed adults: updated results from the 2017 national HIV household survey.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Article
- Article
- Clinical Presentation, Treatment Response, and Virology Outcomes of Women Who Seroconverted in the Dapivirine Vaginal Ring Trials-The Ring Study and DREAM.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2023Observational
- Adherence Measured Using Electronic Dose Monitoring is Associated with Emergent Antiretroviral Resistance and Poor Outcomes in People with Human Immunodeficiency Virus/AIDS and Multidrug-Resistant Tuberculosis.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2022Observational
- Patients' and Providers' Views on Optimal Evidence-Based and Scalable Interventions for Individuals at High Risk of HIV Treatment Failure: Sequential Explorations Among Key Stakeholders in Cape Town, South Africa.AIDS and behavior · 2022Article
- Drug Resistance, Rather than Low Tenofovir Levels in Blood or Urine, Is Associated with Tenofovir, Emtricitabine, and Efavirenz Failure in Resource-Limited Settings.AIDS research and human retroviruses · 2022Article
- Microdrop Human Immunodeficiency Virus Sequencing for Incidence and Drug Resistance Surveillance.The Journal of infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Is there a role for doravirine in African HIV treatment programmes? A large observational resistance study in South Africa.Journal of the International AIDS Society · 2021Observational
- Increased acquired protease inhibitor drug resistance mutations in minor HIV-1 quasispecies from infected patients suspected of failing on national second-line therapy in South Africa.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Potential challenges to sustained viral load suppression in the HIV treatment programme in South Africa: a narrative overview.AIDS research and therapy · 2021Review
- The role of drug resistance in poor viral suppression in rural South Africa: findings from a population-based study.BMC infectious diseases · 2020Article
- Drug Resistance Mutations Against Protease, Reverse Transcriptase and Integrase Inhibitors in People Living With HIV-1 Receiving Boosted Protease Inhibitors in South Africa.Frontiers in microbiology · 2020Article
- HIV drug resistance profile in South Africa: Findings and implications from the 2017 national HIV household survey.PloS one · 2020Article
- Impact of Next-generation Sequencing Defined Human Immunodeficiency Virus Pretreatment Drug Resistance on Virological Outcomes in the ANRS 12249 Treatment-as-Prevention Trial.Clinical infectious diseases : an official publication of the Infectious Diseases Society of America · 2019Article
- Bridging the gap between HIV epidemiology and antiretroviral resistance evolution: Modelling the spread of resistance in South Africa.PLoS computational biology · 2019Article
- Trends in Pretreatment HIV-1 Drug Resistance in Antiretroviral Therapy-naive Adults in South Africa, 2000-2016: A Pooled Sequence Analysis.EClinicalMedicine · 2019Article
- Improved adherence to anti-retroviral therapy among traditionalists: reflections from rural South Africa.African health sciences · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
9 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundIn order to assess the level of transmitted and/or pre-treatment antiretroviral drug resistance to HIV-1, the World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that regular surveys are conducted. This study's objective was to assess the frequency of HIV-1 antiretroviral drug resistance in patients initiating antiretroviral treatment (ART) in the public sector throughout South Africa.
methodsA prospective cross-sectional survey was conducted using probability proportional to size sampling. This method ensured that samples from each province were proportionally collected, based on the number of patients receiving ART in each region. Samples were collected between March 2013 and October 2014. Pol sequences were obtained using RT-PCR and Sanger sequencing and submitted to the Stanford Calibrated Population Resistance tool v6.0.
resultsA total of 277 sequences were available for analysis. Most participants were female (58.8%) and the median age was 34 years (IQR: 29-42). The median baseline CD4-count was 149 cells/mm3 (IQR: 62-249) and, based on self-reporting, participants had been diagnosed as HIV-positive approximately 44 days prior to sample collection (IQR: 23-179). Subtyping revealed that 98.2% were infected with HIV-1 subtype C. Overall, 25 out of 277 patients presented with ≥1 surveillance drug resistance mutation (SDRM, 9.0%, 95% CI: 6.1-13.0%). Non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor (NNRTI) mutations were the most numerous mutations detected (n = 23). Only two patients presented with a protease inhibitor (PI) mutation. In four patients ≥4 SDRMs were detected, which might indicate that these patients were not truly ART-naïve or were infected with a multi-resistant virus.
conclusionsThese results show that the level of antiretroviral drug resistance in ART-naïve South Africans has reached moderate levels, as per the WHO classification. Therefore, regular surveys of pre-treatment drug resistance levels in all regions of South Africa is highly recommended to monitor the changing levels of pre-treatment antiretroviral drug resistance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.