ArticleProceedings. Biological sciences2016
Timing of head movements is consistent with energy minimization in walking ungulates.
Article in Proceedings. Biological sciences, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 14 papers.
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Who cites it
14 citing papers in PubMed.
- Back motion in unridden horses in walk, trot and canter on a circle.Veterinary research communications · 2023Article
- Influences of dynamic load phase shifts on the energetics and biomechanics of humans.Royal Society open science · 2023Article
- Passive Dynamics of the Head, Neck and Forelimb in Equine Foetuses-An Observational Study.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2023Article
- Pilot study of locomotor asymmetry in horses walking in circles with and without a rider.PeerJ · 2023Article
- Fore-Aft Asymmetry Improves the Stability of Trotting in the Transverse Plane: A Modeling Study.Frontiers in bioengineering and biotechnology · 2022Article
- How the even-toed ungulate vertebral column works: Comparison of intervertebral mobility in 33 genera.Journal of anatomy · 2021Article
- Guidelines for the Measurement of Rein Tension in Equestrian Sport.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2021Review
- Adaptation strategies of horses with induced forelimb lameness walking on a treadmill.Equine veterinary journal · 2021Article
- Natural Frequency Method: estimating the preferred walking speed ofRoyal Society open science · 2021Article
- Three-Dimensional Kinematic Motion of the Craniocervical Junction of Chihuahuas and Labrador Retrievers.Frontiers in veterinary science · 2021Article
- Article
- Spontaneous Gait Transitions of Sprawling Quadruped Locomotion by Sensory-Driven Body-Limb Coordination Mechanisms.Frontiers in neurorobotics · 2021Article
- Musculoskeletal networks reveal topological disparity in mammalian neck evolution.BMC evolutionary biology · 2017Article
- Timing of head movements is consistent with energy minimization in walking ungulates.Proceedings. Biological sciences · 2016Article
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Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
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Abstract
Many ungulates show a conspicuous nodding motion of the head when walking. Until now, the functional significance of this behaviour remained unclear. Combining in vivo kinematics of quadrupedal mammals with a computer model, we show that the timing of vertical displacements of the head and neck is consistent with minimizing energy expenditure for carrying these body parts in an inverted pendulum walking gait. Varying the timing of head movements in the model resulted in increased metabolic cost estimate for carrying the head and neck of up to 63%. Oscillations of the head-neck unit result in weight force oscillations transmitted to the forelimbs. Advantageous timing increases the load in single support phases, in which redirecting the trajectory of the centre of mass (COM) is thought to be energetically inexpensive. During double support, in which-according to collision mechanics-directional changes of the impulse of the COM are expensive, the observed timing decreases the load. Because the head and neck comprise approximately 10% of body mass, the effect shown here should also affect the animals' overall energy expenditure. This mechanism, working analogously in high-tech backpacks for energy-saving load carriage, is widespread in ungulates, and provides insight into how animals economize locomotion.
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