ReviewRetina (Philadelphia, Pa.)2017
THE PATHOPHYSIOLOGY OF GEOGRAPHIC ATROPHY SECONDARY TO AGE-RELATED MACULAR DEGENERATION AND THE COMPLEMENT PATHWAY AS A THERAPEUTIC TARGET.
Review in Retina (Philadelphia, Pa.), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. It is linked to trial NCT06499571 (G.A.L.T.O.S. Geographic Atrophy Long-Terms Outcomes Study), which is not on this map. Cited by 139 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
G.A.L.T.O.S. Geographic Atrophy Long-Terms Outcomes Study: An Ambispective Noninterventional Study to Describe the Patient Demographics and Outcomes of Patients With Geographic Atrophy (GA) Secondary to AMD in Clinical Practice
Who cites it
139 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 239 citations in OpenAlex.
- Efficacy and safety of complement inhibitors in patients with geographic atrophy associated with age-related macular degeneration: a network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2024Pooled it
- Incomplete Retinal Pigment Epithelium and Outer Retinal Atrophy Characterized Using Fundus Autofluorescence: An 18-Month Post Hoc Analysis of GATHER2.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Trial
- Safety and tolerability of avacincaptad pegol in combination with ranibizumab in treatment-naïve patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration: results from a phase 1 and phase 2a study.BMJ open ophthalmology · 2026Trial
- Progression to complete retinal pigment epithelium and outer retinal atrophy (cRORA): post hoc analysis of the GATHER1 trial.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2025Trial
- Pharmacokinetic/pharmacodynamic analysis of geographic atrophy lesion area in patients receiving pegcetacoplan treatment or sham.CPT: pharmacometrics & systems pharmacology · 2025Trial
- Quantitative comparison of automated OCT and conventional FAF-based geographic atrophy measurements in the phase 3 OAKS/DERBY trials.Scientific reports · 2024Trial
- Avacincaptad pegol for geographic atrophy secondary to age-related macular degeneration: 18-month findings from the GATHER1 trial.Eye (London, England) · 2023Trial
- Efficacy and Safety of Lampalizumab for Geographic Atrophy Due to Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Chroma and Spectri Phase 3 Randomized Clinical Trials.JAMA ophthalmology · 2018Trial
- Trial
- Predictive Value of Perilesional Fundus Autofluorescence Patterns and OCT-Based Ellipsoid Zone/Retinal Pigment Epithelium Loss Ratios in Geographic Atrophy Growth Rates.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Directional Association Between Perilesional Fundus Autofluorescence and Geographic Atrophy Border Expansion.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Association of Antibiotic Use and New-Onset ICD Coding of Geographic Atrophy.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Tropomyosin-Related Kinase Receptor Type B Agonism in Geographic Atrophy-The Translational Challenges from Preclinical Data to a First-in-Human Trial.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Photoreceptor Density-Dependent Kinetics of Geographic Atrophy Progression.Ophthalmology science · 2026Article
- Quantitative Evaluation of Geographic Atrophy Progression Using Geographic Atrophy Lesion Front Displacement.Investigative ophthalmology & visual science · 2026Article
- Development of a conceptual, HOV-inspired spatial weighting model for quantifying geographic atrophy severity.Graefe's archive for clinical and experimental ophthalmology = Albrecht von Graefes Archiv fur klinische und experimentelle Ophthalmologie · 2026Article
- Clinical characteristics and progression rates of geographic atrophy in an Asian population from Singapore.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- Complement Inhibition in Geographic Atrophy: Clinical Evidence for Pegcetacoplan and Avacincaptad Pegol.Cureus · 2026Review
- Differentiation of macular atrophy secondary to neovascular age-related macular degeneration vs. de novo geographic atrophy: a multimodal analysis.Eye (London, England) · 2026Article
- A three-dimensional multi-modal foundation model for optical coherence tomography.Nature biomedical engineering · 2026Article
79 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
5 authors at 3 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
purposeGeographic atrophy (GA) is an advanced, vision-threatening form of age-related macular degeneration (AMD) affecting approximately five million individuals worldwide. To date, there are no approved therapeutics for GA treatment; however, several are in clinical trials. This review focuses on the pathophysiology of GA, particularly the role of complement cascade dysregulation and emerging therapies targeting the complement cascade.
methodsPrimary literature search on PubMed for GA, complement cascade in age-related macular degeneration. ClinicalTrials.gov was searched for natural history studies in GA and clinical trials of drugs targeting the complement cascade for GA.
resultsCumulative damage to the retina by aging, environmental stress, and other factors triggers inflammation via multiple pathways, including the complement cascade. When regulatory components in these pathways are compromised, as with several GA-linked genetic risk factors in the complement cascade, chronic inflammation can ultimately lead to the retinal cell death characteristic of GA. Complement inhibition has been identified as a key candidate for therapeutic intervention, and drugs targeting the complement pathway are currently in clinical trials.
conclusionThe complement cascade is a strategic target for GA therapy. Further research, including on natural history and genetics, is crucial to expand the understanding of GA pathophysiology and identify effective therapeutic targets.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.