ArticleBMC public health2016
Estimating the mental health costs of racial discrimination.
Article in BMC public health, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 22 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
22 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 69 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- What social stratifications in bias blind spot can tell us about implicit social bias in both LLMs and humans.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Prevalence of Workplace Microaggressions and Racial Discrimination: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.Safety and health at work · 2024Review
- Racial-Based Bullying and Substance Use: a Brazilian National Cross-Sectional Survey Among Students.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2023Article
- Racially minoritized people's experiences of racism during COVID-19 in Australia: A qualitative study.Australian and New Zealand journal of public health · 2023Article
- Discrimination and Sleep: Differential Effects by Type and Coping Strategy.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- Population-level contribution of interpersonal discrimination to psychological distress among Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander adults, and to Indigenous-non-Indigenous inequities: cross-sectional analysis of a community-controlled First Nations cohort study.Lancet (London, England) · 2022Article
- Estimating the economic costs of Indigenous health inequities in New Zealand: a retrospective cohort analysis.BMJ open · 2022Article
- Racism in Australia: a protocol for a systematic review and meta-analysis.Systematic reviews · 2022Article
- Adding Short-Term Social Pathways for COVID-19-Related Discrimination to Theoretical Frameworks and Structural Interventions.American journal of public health · 2022Article
- Addictive disorders, psychiatric symptoms, and potentially traumatic events in individuals with disabilities.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Subjective Well-Being Among Unaccompanied Refugee Youth: Longitudinal Associations With Discrimination and Ethnic Identity Crisis.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Article
- Article
- The Costs of Institutional Racism and its Ethical Implications for Healthcare.Journal of bioethical inquiry · 2021Review
- Boundaries of Belonging: Theorizing Black African Migrant Experiences in Australia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2020Review
- [Racism and mental health].Der Nervenarzt · 2020Review
- Development and initial psychometric assessment of the race-related attitudes and multiculturalism scale in Australia.PloS one · 2020Article
- Does ethnic-racial identity modify the effects of racism on the social and emotional wellbeing of Aboriginal Australian children?PloS one · 2019Article
- The UCL-Lancet Commission on Migration and Health: the health of a world on the move.Lancet (London, England) · 2018Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundRacial discrimination is a pervasive social problem in several advanced countries such as the U.S., U.K., and Australia. Public health research also indicates a range of associations between exposure to racial discrimination and negative health, particularly, mental health including depression, anxiety, and post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD). However, the direct negative health impact of racial discrimination has not been costed so far although economists have previously estimated indirect non-health related productivity costs. In this study, we estimate the burden of disease due to exposure to racial discrimination and measure the cost of this exposure.
methodsUsing prevalence surveys and data on the association of racial discrimination with health outcomes from a global meta-analysis, we apply a cost of illness method to measure the impact of racial discrimination. This estimate indicates the direct health cost attributable to racial discrimination and we convert the estimates to monetary values based on conventional parameters.
resultsRacial discrimination costs the Australian economy 235,452 in disability adjusted life years lost, equivalent to $37.9 billion per annum, roughly 3.02% of annual gross domestic product (GDP) over 2001-11, indicating a sizeable loss for the economy.
conclusionSubstantial cost is incurred due to increased prevalence of racial discrimination as a result of its association with negative health outcomes (e.g. depression, anxiety and PTSD). This implies that potentially significant cost savings can be made through measures that target racial discrimination. Our research contributes to the debate on the social impact of racial discrimination, with implications for policies and efforts addressing it.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.