Observational studyBritish journal of cancer2017
Reproductive and menstrual factors and colorectal cancer incidence in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study.
Observational study in British journal of cancer, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 21 papers.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Who cites it
21 citing papers in PubMed, 41 citations in OpenAlex.
- Association of Reproductive Factors and Postmenopausal Sex Hormones With Cognitive Impairment in Postmenopausal Women With Parkinson's Disease.CNS neuroscience & therapeutics · 2026Article
- Sex steroid receptors in colorectal cancer: implications for tumor progression, therapeutic opportunities, and sex-specific outcomes.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2026Review
- Sex differences of β-carotene effects in azoxymethane/dextran sulfate sodium-induced early colorectal cancer mice.Nutrition research and practice · 2025Article
- Oral Contraceptives Use and Colorectal Cancer Risk Among Moroccan Women: A Case-Control Study.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2025Article
- The association between reproductive history and abdominal adipose tissue among postmenopausal women: results from the Women's Health Initiative.Human reproduction (Oxford, England) · 2024Article
- Age at Menarche, age at Natural Menopause, and Risk of Lung and Colorectal Cancers: A Mendelian Randomization Study.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2023Article
- Profiling estrogen, progesterone, and androgen receptors in colorectal cancer in relation to gender, menopausal status, clinical stage, and tumour sidedness.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2023Article
- Reproductive Factors in Relation to Incidence of Lung and Colorectal Cancers in a Cohort of Norwegian Women: The HUNT Study.Journal of the Endocrine Society · 2022Article
- Oral contraceptives and colorectal cancer risk - A meta-analysis and systematic review.Annals of medicine and surgery (2012) · 2022Review
- Reproductive Factors and Colorectal Cancer Risk: A Population-Based Case-Control Study.JNCI cancer spectrum · 2022Article
- Hormone replacement therapy in relation to the risk of colorectal cancer in women by BMI: a multicentre study with propensity score matching.International journal of clinical oncology · 2022Article
- Predictors of CRC Stage at Diagnosis among Male and Female Adults Participating in a Prospective Cohort Study: Findings from Alberta's Tomorrow Project.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2021Article
- Review
- Endogenous Progestogens and Colorectal Cancer Risk among Postmenopausal Women.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2021Article
- Investigating Cervical Risk Factors that Lead to Cytological and Biopsy Examination.Medical archives (Sarajevo, Bosnia and Herzegovina) · 2020Article
- Targeting estrogen receptors in colorectal cancer.Molecular biology reports · 2020Review
- A Prospective Evaluation of Serum Vitamin D (1, 25(OH)Frontiers in oncology · 2019Article
- Mendelian randomisation study of age at menarche and age at menopause and the risk of colorectal cancer.British journal of cancer · 2018Article
- The role of pregnancy, perinatal factors and hormones in maternal cancer risk: a review of the evidence.Journal of internal medicine · 2018Review
- A novel potential role of pituitary gonadotropins in the pathogenesis of human colorectal cancer.PloS one · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 6 institutions in 3 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundReproductive and menstrual factors have been evaluated as surrogates for long-term hormonal exposures in several prospective studies of colorectal cancer, yet findings have been conflicting.
methodsThe relation of reproductive and menstrual factors (self-reported via a reproductive history questionnaire) with incident colorectal cancer was investigated among women enrolled in the Women's Health Initiative Observational Study (WHI-OS), a longitudinal cohort of 93 676 postmenopausal women (aged 50-79 years at enrolment) in which 1149 incident cases of colorectal cancer occurred over a median follow-up of 11.9 years. Multivariable Cox proportional hazards models that included established colorectal cancer risk factors were constructed to examine the association of colorectal cancer incidence with reproductive and menstrual factors.
resultsHaving had two children (vs nulliparous: hazard ratio (HR)=0.80, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.64-0.99) was inversely associated with colorectal cancer risk. Compared with never users, ever use of oral contraceptives was associated with lower colorectal cancer risk (HR=0.74, 95% CI: 0.63-0.86); however, no relationship was observed for duration of oral contraceptives use (4 years vs 1 year: HR=0.94, 95% CI: 0.67-1.32). None of the remaining reproductive and menstrual factors was associated with colorectal cancer incidence.
conclusionsParity and prior use of oral contraceptives were associated with lower colorectal cancer risk in this cohort of postmenopausal women.
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