ReviewCurrent opinion in organ transplantation2017
Donor-derived exosomes: the trick behind the semidirect pathway of allorecognition.
Review in Current opinion in organ transplantation, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 34 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
34 citing papers in PubMed, 49 citations in OpenAlex.
- Glycan-encoded immune checkpoints and allorecognition: a mechanistic framework for transplantation and organ engineering.Frontiers in transplantation · 2026Review
- Intestinal reengineering: Scientific advances in intestinal transplantation.World journal of gastrointestinal surgery · 2025Review
- Exosomal Biomarkers: A Comprehensive Overview of Diagnostic and Prognostic Applications in Malignant and Non-Malignant Disorders.Biomolecules · 2025Review
- Review
- AXL inhibition suppresses early allograft monocyte-to-macrophage differentiation and prolongs allograft survival.JCI insight · 2024Article
- Dendritic Cell-Derived Exosomes Promote Tendon Healing and Regulate Macrophage Polarization in Preventing Tendinopathy.International journal of nanomedicine · 2024Article
- Towards Allograft Longevity: Leveraging Omics Technologies to Improve Heart Transplant Outcomes.Current heart failure reports · 2023Review
- Circulating exosomes from brain death and cardiac death donors have distinct molecular and immunologic properties: A pilot study.Clinical transplantation · 2023Article
- The roles of extracellular vesicles in the immune system.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2023Review
- Intestinal Transplant Immunology and Intestinal Graft Rejection: From Basic Mechanisms to Potential Biomarkers.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Review
- Liquid Biopsy, a Potential New Detection Method in Heart Allograft Rejection.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2023Review
- A decline in club cell secretory proteins in lung transplantation is associated with release of natural killer cells exosomes leading to chronic rejection.The Journal of heart and lung transplantation : the official publication of the International Society for Heart Transplantation · 2021Article
- Review
- Potential role of exosome-based allorecognition pathways involved in lung transplant rejection.The Journal of thoracic and cardiovascular surgery · 2021Article
- Recent advances in our understanding of the allograft response.Faculty reviews · 2021Review
- Role of Exosomes in Islet Transplantation.Frontiers in endocrinology · 2021Review
- The Impact of Inflammation on the Immune Responses to Transplantation: Tolerance or Rejection?Frontiers in immunology · 2021Review
- Exosomes: Emerging Cell-Free Based Therapeutics in Dermatologic Diseases.Frontiers in cell and developmental biology · 2021Review
- Distinct molecular and immunological properties of circulating exosomes isolated from pediatric lung transplant recipients with bronchiolitis obliterans syndrome - a retrospective study.Transplant international : official journal of the European Society for Organ Transplantation · 2020Article
- Application of exosomes as liquid biopsy in clinical diagnosis.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2020Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 3 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
purpose of reviewThe passenger leukocyte hypothesis predicts that after transplantation, donor antigen-presenting cells (APCs) from the graft present donor MHC molecules to directly alloreactive T cells in lymphoid organs. However, in certain transplantation models, recent evidence contradicts this long-standing concept. New findings demonstrate that host, instead of donor, APCs play a prominent role in allosensitization against donor MHC molecules via the semidirect pathway. A similar mechanism operates in development of T-cell split tolerance to noninherited maternal antigens. RECENT
findingsFollowing fully mismatch skin or heart transplantation in mice, no or extremely few donor migrating APCs (i.e. conventional dendritic cells) are detected in the draining lymphoid organs. Instead, recipient dendritic cells that have captured donor extracellular vesicles (i.e. exosomes) carrying donor MHC molecules and APC costimulatory signals present donor MHC molecules to directly alloreactive T cells. This semidirect pathway can also give rise to a form of 'split' tolerance during chronic alloantigen exposure, as indirectly alloreactive T helper cells and directly alloreactive T-cell effectors are differentially impacted by host dendritic cells 'cross-dressed' with extracellular vesicles/exosomes derived from maternal microchimerism. SUMMARY: Acquisition by recipient APCs of donor exosomes (and likely other extracellular vesicles) released by passenger leukocytes or the graft explains the potent T-cell allosensitization against donor MHC molecules, in the absence or presence of few passenger leukocytes in lymphoid organs. It also provides the basic mechanism and in-vivo relevance of the elusive semidirect pathway. Its degree of coordination with the allopeptide - specific, indirect pathway of T-cell help may determine whether semidirect allopresentation results in a sustained, effective, acute rejection response, or rather, in abortive acute rejection and 'split' tolerance.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.