ReviewToxicologic pathology2017
Sex Differences in Human and Animal Toxicology.
Review in Toxicologic pathology, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 63 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
63 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 124 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex difference of pre- and post-natal exposure to six developmental neurotoxicants on intellectual abilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Pooled it
- The risk of sexual dysfunction associated with alcohol consumption in women: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMC women's health · 2023Pooled it
- Sex-dependent metabolism of ketamine and (Journal of psychopharmacology (Oxford, England) · 2022Trial
- Translational Gaps in Assessing the Obesogenic Effects of Herbicides: A Scoping Review.Journal of xenobiotics · 2026Review
- Article
- Prenatal methylmercury exposure disrupts developmental trajectories and induces sex-specific toxicity in pubertal rats.Research square · 2026Article
- Risk factors associated with urinary metal concentrations in middle-aged and older Caribbean adults: the Tobago Health Study.Journal of exposure science & environmental epidemiology · 2026Article
- Recent advances in sex-specific reproductive microphysiological systems for the systematic evaluation of assisted reproductive technology.Materials today. Bio · 2026Review
- Sex-stratified Gut Microbiome Disruption is Associated with Altered Hepatic Gene Expression during Acute Azoxystrobin Exposure.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Comparative analysis of sex-based, vendor-based, and species differences in cytochrome P450 metabolism.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Association of 6:2 Fluorotelomer Ethoxylate Exposure with Serum Lipids in General Adults.Toxics · 2025Article
- Comprehensive Transcriptomic and Epigenomic Insights into Environmental Toxicant Exposures: The TaRGET II Resource.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Single-Dose Pharmacokinetics of Grapiprant in Rhesus Macaques (Macaca mulatta).Journal of the American Association for Laboratory Animal Science : JAALAS · 2025Article
- Fishy factors: recognizing biological variation and its implications for fish immuno(eco)toxicology research.Environmental toxicology and chemistry · 2025Article
- Environmental exposure to common pesticide induces synaptic deficit and social memory impairment driven by neurodevelopmental vulnerability of hippocampal parvalbumin interneurons.Journal of hazardous materials · 2025Article
- Toxicity Potential of Nutraceuticals.Methods in molecular biology (Clifton, N.J.) · 2025Article
- Role of glial cells in neurotoxicological effects of alcohol.Advances in neurotoxicology · 2025Article
- Acute and subacute toxicity evaluation of ZhenzhuXiaoji decoction in preclinical models: implications for safe clinical use.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2025Article
- Characterizing the effects of Dechlorane Plus on β-cells: a comparative study across models and species.Islets · 2024Article
- Drosophila Toxicogenomics: genetic variation and sexual dimorphism in susceptibility to 4-Methylimidazole.Human genomics · 2024Article
3 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
Sex, the states of being female or male, potentially interacts with all xenobiotic exposures, both inadvertent and deliberate, and influences their toxicokinetics (TK), toxicodynamics, and outcomes. Sex differences occur in behavior, exposure, anatomy, physiology, biochemistry, and genetics, accounting for female-male differences in responses to environmental chemicals, diet, and pharmaceuticals, including adverse drug reactions (ADRs). Often viewed as an annoying confounder, researchers have studied only one sex, adjusted for sex, or ignored it. Occupational epidemiology, the basis for understanding many toxic effects in humans, usually excluded women. Likewise, Food and Drug Administration rules excluded women of childbearing age from drug studies for many years. Aside from sex-specific organs, sex differences and sex × age interactions occur for a wide range of disease states as well as hormone-influenced conditions and drug distribution. Women have more ADRs than men; the classic sex hormone paradigm (gonadectomy and replacement) reveals significant interaction of sex and TK including absorption, distribution, metabolisms, and elimination. Studies should be designed to detect sex differences, describe the mechanisms, and interpret these in a broad social, clinical, and evolutionary context with phenomena that do not differ. Sex matters, but how much of a difference is needed to matter remains challenging.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.