ArticleSexually transmitted diseases2016
Prevalence and Correlates of Genital Infections Among Newly Diagnosed Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Infected Adults Entering Human Immunodeficiency Virus Care in Windhoek, Namibia.
Article in Sexually transmitted diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.
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Who cites it
5 citing papers in PubMed, 9 citations in OpenAlex.
- Symptomatic vulvovaginal candidiasis and antifungal resistance in HIV-1 positive women at Mbarara city health centre IV.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluation of HIV and Syphilis Co-infected Cases, Data from a University Hospital.Current HIV research · 2024Article
- Importance of Candida infection and fluconazole resistance in women with vaginal discharge syndrome in Namibia.Antimicrobial resistance and infection control · 2022Article
- Prevalence and risk factors associated with HIV and syphilis co-infection in the African Cohort Study: a cross-sectional study.BMC infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Estimated Burden of Fungal Infections in Namibia.Journal of fungi (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Article
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundIdentifying and treating genital infections, including sexually transmitted infections (STI), among newly diagnosed human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)-infected individuals may benefit both public and individual health. We assessed prevalence of genital infections and their correlates among newly diagnosed HIV-infected individuals enrolling in HIV care services in Namibia.
methodsNewly diagnosed HIV-infected adults entering HIV care at 2 health facilities in Windhoek, Namibia, were recruited from December 2012 to March 2014. Participants provided behavioral and clinical data including CD4+ T lymphocyte counts. Genital and blood specimens were tested for gonorrhea, Chlamydia, trichomoniasis, Mycoplasma genitalium, syphilis, bacterial vaginosis, and vulvovaginal candidiasis.
resultsAmong 599 adults, 56% were women and 15% reported consistent use of condoms in the past 6 months. The most common infections were bacterial vaginosis (37.2%), trichomoniasis (34.6%) and Chlamydia (14.6%) in women and M. genitalium (11.4%) in men. Correlates for trichomoniasis included being female (adjusted relative risk, [aRR], 7.18; 95% confidence interval [CI], 4.07-12.65), higher education (aRR, 0.58; 95% CI, 0.38-0.89), and lower CD4 cell count (aRR, 1.61; 95% CI, 1.08-2.40). Being female (aRR, 2.39; 95% CI, 1.27-4.50), nonmarried (aRR, 2.30; (95% CI, 1.28-4.14), and having condomless sex (aRR, 2.72; 95% CI, 1.06-7.00) were independently associated with chlamydial infection. Across all infections, female (aRR, 2.31; 95% CI, 1.79-2.98), nonmarried participants (aRR, 1.29; 95% CI, 1.06-1.59), had higher risk to present with any STI, whereas pregnant women (aRR, 1.16, 95% CI 1.03-1.31) were at increased risk of any STI or reproductive tract infection.
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