ArticleAsian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP2016
Determination of Metal Levels in Shamma (Smokeless Tobacco) with Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) in Najran, Saudi Arabia
Article in Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 12 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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Who cites it
12 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it.
- Does Probiotic Therapy Improve Periodontal Treatment Outcomes in Smoking Patients? A Systematic Review of Randomized Clinical Trials.Probiotics and antimicrobial proteins · 2026Pooled it
- Deferential nephrotoxicity effect of lanthanum oxide nanoparticle responses to concentration and time in vivo.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Human health risk assessment of toxic metals in Nass smokeless tobacco in Iran.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Evaluating MIR and NIR Spectroscopy Coupled with Multivariate Analysis for Detection and Quantification of Additives in Tobacco Products.Sensors (Basel, Switzerland) · 2024Article
- Effects of Smokeless Tobacco on Color Stability and Surface Roughness of 3D-Printed, CAD/CAM-Milled, and Conventional Denture Base Materials: An In Vitro Study.Biomedicines · 2023Article
- Chemical characteristics and cancer risk assessment of smokeless tobacco used in Tunisia (neffa).The Pan African medical journal · 2021Article
- Saudi pharmaceutical journal : SPJ : the official publication of the Saudi Pharmaceutical Society · 2020Article
- Bibliographic Analysis of Oral Precancer and Cancer Research Papers from Saudi Arabia.Asian Pacific journal of cancer prevention : APJCP · 2020Review
- Regulation of toxic contents of smokeless tobacco products.The Indian journal of medical research · 2018Review
- Levels of Essential Elements in Different Medicinal Plants Determined by Using Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry.Journal of analytical methods in chemistry · 2018Article
- Estimated Dietary Intakes of Toxic Elements from Four Staple Foods in Najran City, Saudi Arabia.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
- Toxic Elements in Different Medicinal Plants and the Impact on Human Health.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2017Article
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Authors and funding
1 author.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: The use of Shamma (smokeless tobacco) by certain groups is giving rise to health problems, including cancer, in parts of Saudi Arabia. Our objective was to determine metals levels in Shamma using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Methods: Thirty-three samples of Shamma (smokeless tobacco) were collected, comprising four types: brown Shamma (n = 14.0), red Shamma (n = 9.0), white Shamma (n = 4.0), and yellow Shamma (n = 6.0). All samples were collected randomly from Shamma users in the city of Najran. Levels of 11 elements (Al, As, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Li, Mn, Ni, Pb, and Zn) were determined by ICP-MS. Results: A mixed standard (20 ppb) of all elements was used for quality control, and average recoveries ranged from 74.7% to 112.2%. The highest average concentrations were found in the following order: Al (598.8–812.2 μg/g), Mn (51.0–80.6 μg/g), and Ni (23.2–53.3 μg/g) in all four Shamma types. The lowest concentrations were for As (0.7–1.0 μg/g) and Cd (0.0–0.06 μg/g). Conclusions: The colour of each Shamma type reflects additives mixed into the tobacco. Cr and Cu were showed significant differences (P < 0.05) among Shamma types. Moreover, Pb levels are higher in red and yellow Shamma, which could be due to use (PbCrO4) as yellow colouring agent and lead tetroxide, Pb3O4 as a red colouring agent. The findings from this study can be used to raise public awareness about the safety and health effects of Shamma, which is clearly a source of oral exposure to metals.
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