ReviewTobacco induced diseases2016
Are healthy smokers really healthy?
Review in Tobacco induced diseases, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 51 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
51 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Management of Adult Bronchiectasis: Consensus-Based Guidelines of the German Respiratory Society.Respiration; international review of thoracic diseases · 2026Guideline
- Tobacco Use in Later Life: Evidence from Türkiye on Sociodemographic, Health, and Psychological Determinants.Journal of prevention (2022) · 2026Article
- Unraveling the Molecular Mechanisms Linking Cigarette Smoke Exposure to Skin Damage.International journal of molecular sciences · 2026Article
- Prescribed Medication Burden by Tobacco Smoking and E-Cigarette Use Status.Health science reports · 2026Article
- Interactive Effects of Genetic Susceptibility and Early-Life Tobacco Smoke Exposure on the Asthma-Eczema Complex Phenotype in Children: 6-Year Follow-Up Case-Control Study.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Article
- Association between serum cotinine concentrations on red blood cell folate concentrations in pregnant women and the mediating role of lymphocytes: an NHANES Study.Archives of public health = Archives belges de sante publique · 2025Article
- Internal Malignancy Risk After Carbon Monoxide Poisoning: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study.Journal of clinical medicine · 2025Article
- Substances of abuse and their effect on SAR-CoV-2 pathogenesis.NeuroImmune pharmacology and therapeutics · 2023Review
- Gene Set Based Integrated Methylome and Transcriptome Analysis Reveals Potential Molecular Mechanisms Linking Cigarette Smoking and Related Diseases.Omics : a journal of integrative biology · 2023Article
- The Effects of Smoking in Patients in the Intensive Care Unit During the COVID-19 Pandemic.Sisli Etfal Hastanesi tip bulteni · 2023Article
- Exposure to Sodium Hypochlorite or Cigarette Smoke Induces Lung Injury and Mechanical Impairment in Wistar Rats.Inflammation · 2022Article
- Chromatic Contrast Sensitivity Functions and Colour Discrimination in Smoker Patients.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Article
- Article
- Can Thorax Computed Tomography Severity Score in Coronavirus Disease 2019 Patients Differentiate Smokers from Non-smokers?Turkish thoracic journal · 2022Article
- ASSOCIATION OF SMOKING AND SEVERITY OF COVID-19 INFECTION AMONG 5,889 PATIENTS IN MALAYSIA: A MULTI-CENTER OBSERVATIONAL STUDY.International journal of infectious diseases : IJID : official publication of the International Society for Infectious Diseases · 2022Observational
- Differences in Clinical Outcomes between Smokers and Non-Smokers infected with COVID-19.Archives of Razi Institute · 2022Article
- How Should Anesthesiologists Face Coronavirus Disease 2019?Frontiers in cardiovascular medicine · 2022Review
- Consumption, nicotine dependence and motivation for smoke cessation during early stages of COVID-19 pandemic in Brazil: A cross-sectional study.Tobacco prevention & cessation · 2022Article
- Integrated analysis reveals lung fibrinogen gamma chain as a biomarker for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease.Annals of translational medicine · 2021Article
- Perceived Change in Tobacco Use and Its Associated Factors among Older Adults Residing in Rohingya Refugee Camps during the COVID-19 Pandemic in Bangladesh.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Cigarette smoke contains more than 4500 chemicals which have toxic, mutagenic and carcinogenic effects. Strong evidences have shown that current smokers take a significantly higher risk of cardiovascular diseases, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and lung cancer than nonsmokers. However, less attention has been paid to the smoking induced abnormalities in the individuals defined as healthy smokers who are normal with spirometry, radiographic images, routine physical exam and categorized as healthy control group in many researches. Actually, 'healthy smokers' are not healthy. This narrative review focuses on the smoking related pathophysiologic changes mainly in the respiratory system of healthy smokers, including inflammation and immune changes, genetic alterations, structural changes and pulmonary dysfunction.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.