ArticleEuropean clinical respiratory journal2016
A clear urban-rural gradient of allergic rhinitis in a population-based study in Northern Europe.
Article in European clinical respiratory journal, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers.
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Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 32 citations in OpenAlex.
- Maternal consumption of urbanized diet compromises early-life health in association with gut microbiota.Gut microbes · 2025Review
- The association between preschoolers' retinal microcirculation and the indoor microbial environment: results of the ENVIRONAGE birth cohort.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- Assessing Disparities in the Prevalence of Atopic Comorbidities Among Food-Allergic Children.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2023Article
- Inflammatory and infectious upper respiratory diseases associate with 41 genomic loci and type 2 inflammation.Nature communications · 2023Article
- The Environmental Microbiome, Allergic Disease, and Asthma.The journal of allergy and clinical immunology. In practice · 2022Article
- Secular Trends and Rural-Urban Differences in Diagnostic Prevalence of Hay Fever: A Claims-Based Study in Germany.Journal of asthma and allergy · 2022Article
- Trends of the contributions of biophysical (climate) and socioeconomic elements to regional heat islands.Scientific reports · 2021Article
- Combinations of self-reported rhinitis, conjunctivitis, and asthma predicts IgE sensitization in more than 25,000 Danes.Clinical and translational allergy · 2021Article
- Abundance and Stability as Common Properties of Allergens.Frontiers in allergy · 2021Review
- Risk factors associated with rhinitis, allergic conjunctivitis and eczema among schoolchildren in Uganda.Clinical and experimental allergy : journal of the British Society for Allergy and Clinical Immunology · 2021Article
- Serum vitamin D level in mice with allergic rhinitis is correlated with inflammatory factors.American journal of translational research · 2021Article
- Prevalence and risk factors associated with allergic rhinitis in Mexican school children: Global Asthma Network Phase I.The World Allergy Organization journal · 2021Article
- Age-period-cohort analysis of asthma, allergic rhinitis, and atopic dermatitis prevalence in Japan.Environmental analysis, health and toxicology · 2020Article
- Allergic Rhinitis and Its Epidemiological Distribution in Syria: A High Prevalence and Additional Risks in War Time.BioMed research international · 2020Article
- Asthma and selective migration from farming environments in a three-generation cohort study.European journal of epidemiology · 2019Article
- Epigenetic Modifications in Placenta are Associated with the Child's Sensitization to Allergens.BioMed research international · 2019Article
- Conurbation, Urban, and Rural Living as Determinants of Allergies and Infectious Diseases: Royal College of General Practitioners Research and Surveillance Centre Annual Report 2016-2017.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2018Article
- Association between occupational clusters and allergic rhinitis in the Korean population: analysis of the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data.Journal of occupational health · 2018Article
- International Consensus Statement on Allergy and Rhinology: Allergic Rhinitis.International forum of allergy & rhinology · 2018Article
- Urban environment predisposes dogs and their owners to allergic symptoms.Scientific reports · 2018Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
12 authors at 8 institutions in 5 countries.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
backgroundThe protective effect of farm upbringing on allergic rhinitis is well known, but how upbringing in other environments influences the development of allergic rhinitis is scarcely investigated. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between place of upbringing and pet keeping in childhood and allergic rhinitis and nasal symptoms in adulthood.
methodsThe population-based Respiratory Health in Northern Europe study includes subjects from Denmark, Norway, Sweden, Iceland, and Estonia born in 1945-1973. This paper analyses 13,376 participants of the third study wave. Six categories of place of upbringing were defined: farm with livestock, farm without livestock, village in rural area, small town, city suburb, and inner city. Pets in the home at birth and during childhood were recorded. Data were analysed using adjusted logistic regression models.
resultsLivestock farm upbringing predicted less adult allergic rhinitis [odds ratio (OR) 0.68, 0.54-0.85] and nasal symptoms (OR 0.82, 0.68-0.99) than city upbringing, and an urban-rural gradient with decreasing risk per level of urbanisation was observed (OR 0.92, 0.88-0.94). Pets in the home at birth (OR 0.78, 0.68-0.88) and during childhood (OR 0.83, 0.74-0.93) were associated with less subsequent allergic rhinitis. Pet keeping did not explain the protective effect of place of upbringing.
conclusionRisk of allergic rhinitis and nasal symptoms in adulthood was inversely associated with the level of urbanisation during upbringing. Pets at birth decreased the risk further, but did not explain the urban-rural gradient. Persistent beneficial effects of microbial diversity in early life might be an explanation for the findings.
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