ArticleViruses2016
Pathogens Inactivated by Low-Energy-Electron Irradiation Maintain Antigenic Properties and Induce Protective Immune Responses.
Article in Viruses, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 31 papers.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
31 citing papers in PubMed, 59 citations in OpenAlex.
- Current status on encephalitic alphavirus vaccines development: Advances, challenges, and global health perspectives.Infectious medicine · 2026Review
- Trained immunity using probiotics and inactivated pathogens enhances resistance to Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium infection by activating the cGAS-STING signal pathway in mice and chickens.Journal of advanced research · 2026Article
- Low-Energy Electron Irradiation Inactivates Viruses in Serum and Maintains Growth-Promoting Properties in Cell Culture.Applied biosafety : journal of the American Biological Safety Association · 2025Article
- Epitope-Based Vaccines: The Next Generation of Promising Vaccines Against Bacterial Infection.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Evaluating the Effectiveness of Probiotic and Multivalent Vaccination Strategies in Mitigating Bacterial Chondronecrosis with Osteomyelitis Lameness Using a Hybrid Challenge Model.Animals : an open access journal from MDPI · 2025Article
- Leveraging Electron Beam (eBeam) Technology for Advancing the Development of Inactivated Vaccines.Vaccines · 2025Review
- Electron-Beam-KilledVaccines · 2024Article
- Ultraviolet C inactivation of Coxiella burnetii for production of a structurally preserved whole cell vaccine antigen.BMC microbiology · 2024Article
- Influenza Virus Inactivated by Heavy Ion Beam Irradiation Stimulates Antigen-Specific Immune Responses.Pharmaceutics · 2024Article
- Mucosal immunization with a low-energy electron inactivated respiratory syncytial virus vaccine protects mice without Th2 immune bias.Frontiers in immunology · 2024Article
- Article
- Review
- Apicomplexan parasites are attenuated by low-energy electron irradiation in an automated microfluidic system and protect against infection with Toxoplasma gondii.Parasitology research · 2023Article
- Review
- Infrared Spectroscopic Verification of a α-Helical Collagen Structure in Glutaraldehyde-Free Crosslinked Bovine Pericardium for Cardiac Implants.Life (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Inactivation of porcine epidemic diarrhea virus with electron beam irradiation under cold chain conditions.Environmental technology & innovation · 2022Article
- Editorial: Irradiation technologies for vaccine development.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Ionizing Radiation Technologies for Vaccine Development - A Mini Review.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Review
- Low-Energy Electron Irradiation of Tick-Borne Encephalitis Virus Provides a Protective Inactivated Vaccine.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
- Electron-Beam Inactivation of Human Rotavirus (HRV) for the Production of Neutralizing Egg Yolk Antibodies.Frontiers in immunology · 2022Article
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
15 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Inactivated vaccines are commonly produced by incubating pathogens with chemicals such as formaldehyde or β-propiolactone. This is a time-consuming process, the inactivation efficiency displays high variability and extensive downstream procedures are often required. Moreover, application of chemicals alters the antigenic components of the viruses or bacteria, resulting in reduced antibody specificity and therefore stimulation of a less effective immune response. An alternative method for inactivation of pathogens is ionizing radiation. It acts very fast and predominantly damages nucleic acids, conserving most of the antigenic structures. However, currently used irradiation technologies (mostly gamma-rays and high energy electrons) require large and complex shielding constructions to protect the environment from radioactivity or X-rays generated during the process. This excludes them from direct integration into biological production facilities. Here, low-energy electron irradiation (LEEI) is presented as an alternative inactivation method for pathogens in liquid solutions. LEEI can be used in normal laboratories, including good manufacturing practice (GMP)- or high biosafety level (BSL)-environments, as only minor shielding is necessary. We show that LEEI efficiently inactivates different viruses (influenza A (H3N8), porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV), equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1)) and bacteria (
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.