ReviewFrontiers in immunology2016
Stromal Fibroblasts in Tertiary Lymphoid Structures: A Novel Target in Chronic Inflammation.
Review in Frontiers in immunology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 132 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
132 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 175 citations in OpenAlex.
- Mucosal immune response in biology, disease prevention and treatment.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2025Pooled it
- Characterization and comparison of innate and adaptive immune responses at vaccine sites in melanoma vaccine clinical trials.Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII · 2021Trial
- Tertiary lymphoid structures in gastrointestinal cancer: orchestrating tumour microenvironmental immune subcycles to elegantly amplify the cancer immunity cycle.Annals of medicine · 2026Review
- Immunogenic cell death and tertiary lymphoid structures: bridging tumour cell death and immune organization.Nature reviews. Immunology · 2026Review
- Review
- Humoral immunity in cancer.Signal transduction and targeted therapy · 2026Review
- The formation and function of tertiary lymphoid structures.Biomarker research · 2026Review
- A CD4Nature communications · 2026Article
- Chemokine-chemokine receptor axis: Emerging immunotherapeutic paradigms for solid tumor microenvironment reprogramming.Chinese medical journal · 2026Review
- The CXCL13 hub in obesity-related metabolic inflammation: regulation of spatiotemporal heterogeneity and targeted strategies.The Journal of endocrinology · 2026Review
- FOXP3Medical sciences (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- TLScope: a deep learning framework for quantifying tertiary lymphoid structures from H&E images reveals prognostic heterogeneity across breast cancer subtypes.Breast cancer research : BCR · 2026Article
- Association of tertiary lymphoid structures and benign lymphoepithelial lesions in NIH-category IV prostatitis: pathophysiological correlations.The Canadian journal of urology · 2026Article
- Fibroblast heterogeneity in 2025.Nature reviews. Rheumatology · 2026Article
- The Role of B Cells in Tumorigenesis and Immunotherapy.Immune network · 2026Review
- Fibroblasts as Immunological Sentinels in Cutaneous Inflammation: A Review.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Review
- From density to spatial function: spatial multi-omics, composite biomarker design, and therapeutic engineering of tertiary lymphoid structures in solid tumors.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Review
- Dynamic progression of ectopic lymphoid structure formation in lacrimal glands of a Sjögren's disease murine model.Frontiers in immunology · 2026Article
- Smoking-Associated Enrichment of CXCL13Journal of Cancer · 2026Article
- Mechanistic roles and clinical applications of tertiary lymphoid structures in colorectal cancer drug resistance.Cancer drug resistance (Alhambra, Calif.) · 2026Review
72 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
6 authors at 2 institutions in 2 countries.
Funding
Abstract
Tertiary lymphoid structures (TLS) are organized aggregates of lymphocytes, myeloid, and stromal cells that provide ectopic hubs for acquired immune responses. TLS share phenotypical and functional features with secondary lymphoid organs (SLO); however, they require persistent inflammatory signals to arise and are often observed at target sites of autoimmune disease, chronic infection, cancer, and organ transplantation. Over the past 10 years, important progress has been made in our understanding of the role of stromal fibroblasts in SLO development, organization, and function. A complex and stereotyped series of events regulate fibroblast differentiation from embryonic life in SLOs to lymphoid organ architecture observed in adults. In contrast, TLS-associated fibroblasts differentiate from postnatal, locally activated mesenchyme, predominantly in settings of inflammation and persistent antigen presentation. Therefore, there are critical differences in the cellular and molecular requirements that regulate SLO versus TLS development that ultimately impact on stromal and hematopoietic cell function. These differences may contribute to the pathogenic nature of TLS in the context of chronic inflammation and malignant transformation and offer a window of opportunity for therapeutic interventions in TLS associated pathologies.
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What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.