ArticleInternational journal of obesity (2005)2017
Early infant adipose deposition is positively associated with the n-6 to n-3 fatty acid ratio in human milk independent of maternal BMI.
Article in International journal of obesity (2005), 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 59 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
59 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 92 citations in OpenAlex.
- Human Milk Macronutrients and Child Growth and Body Composition in the First Two Years: A Systematic Review.Advances in nutrition (Bethesda, Md.) · 2024Pooled it
- The impact of maternal obesity on human milk macronutrient composition: A systematic review and meta-analysis.Nutrients · 2020Pooled it
- Maternal Aerobic Exercise, but Not Blood Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Concentrations, during Pregnancy Influence Infant Body Composition.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Trial
- Maternal exercise during lactation remodels obesity-associated mammary metabolism and milk fatty acids, enhancing offspring lipid oxidation.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2026Article
- Article
- Maternal omega-6 to omega-3 conversion reduces osteoarthritis pain-related behaviors in adult female offspring.Arthritis research & therapy · 2026Article
- Review
- Associations among Human Milk Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Infant Sleep Patterns: A Cross-Sectional Study.The Journal of nutrition · 2025Article
- Activating nuclear receptor subfamily 2 group F member 2 in adipocyte stem cells rescues beige adipocyte metabolism impaired by excess early-life omega-6 fatty acids.Clinical nutrition (Edinburgh, Scotland) · 2025Article
- Comparative Analysis of Omega-3, Omega-6, and Endocannabinoid Content of Human, Cattle, Goat, and Formula Milk.Foods (Basel, Switzerland) · 2025Article
- Metabolic reprogramming of fetal hematopoietic stem and progenitor cells by maternal obesity.Frontiers in hematology · 2025Article
- Key questions and gaps in understanding adipose tissue macrophages and early-life metabolic programming.American journal of physiology. Endocrinology and metabolism · 2024Review
- NR2F2 Reactivation in Early-life Adipocyte Stem-like Cells Rescues Adipocyte Mitochondrial Oxidation.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2024Article
- Review
- Developmentally programmed obesity: Is there a role for anti-inflammatory nutritional strategies?Experimental physiology · 2024Review
- Sampling Procedures for Estimating the Infant Intake of Human Milk Leptin, Adiponectin, Insulin, Glucose, and Total Lipid.Nutrients · 2024Article
- Maternal docosahexaenoic acid supplementation during lactation improves exercise performance, enhances intestinal glucose absorption and modulates gut microbiota in weaning offspring mice.Frontiers in nutrition · 2024Article
- Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation in Lactating Women Increases Breast Milk and Erythrocyte Membrane Docosahexaenoic Acid Concentrations and Alters Infant n-6:n-3 Fatty Acid Ratio.Current developments in nutrition · 2023Article
- Placental AA/EPA Ratio Is Associated with Obesity Risk Parameters in the Offspring at 6 Years of Age.International journal of molecular sciences · 2023Article
- Neonatal intake of Omega-3 fatty acids enhances lipid oxidation in adipocyte precursors.iScience · 2023Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
9 authors at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
BACKGROUND/
objectivesExcessive infant weight gain in the first 6-month of life is a powerful predictor of childhood obesity and related health risks. In mice, omega-6 fatty acids (FAs) serve as potent ligands driving adipogenesis during early development. The ratio of omega-6 relative to omega-3 (n-6/n-3) FA in human milk (HM) has increased threefold over the last 30 years, but the impact of this shift on infant adipose development remains undetermined. This study investigated how maternal obesity and maternal dietary FA (as reflected in maternal red blood cells (RBCs) composition) influenced HM n-6 and n-3 FAs, and whether the HM n-6/n-3 ratio was associated with changes in infant adipose deposition between 2 weeks and 4 months postpartum. SUBJECTS/
methodsForty-eight infants from normal weight (NW), overweight (OW) and obese (OB) mothers were exclusively or predominantly breastfed over the first 4 months of lactation. Mid-feed HM and maternal RBC were collected at either transitional (2 weeks) or established (4 months) lactation, along with infant body composition assessed using air-displacement plethysmography. The FA composition of HM and maternal RBC was measured quantitatively by lipid mass spectrometry.
resultsIn transitional and established HM, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) was lower (P=0.008; 0.005) and the arachidonic acid (AA)/DHA+eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) ratio was higher (P=0.05; 0.02) in the OB relative to the NW group. Maternal prepregnancy body mass index (BMI) and AA/DHA+EPA ratios in transitional and established HM were moderately correlated (P=0.018; 0.001). Total infant fat mass was increased in the upper AA/DHA+EPA tertile of established HM relative to the lower tertile (P=0.019). The amount of changes in infant fat mass and percentage of body fat were predicted by AA/EPA+DHA ratios in established HM (P=0.038; 0.010).
conclusionsPerinatal infant exposures to a high AA/EPA+DHA ratio during the first 4 months of life, which is primarily reflective of maternal dietary FA, may significantly contribute to the way infants accumulate adipose.
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Registered trials
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