ArticleParasites & vectors2016
Heterogeneity in the abundance and distribution of Ixodes ricinus and Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) in Scotland: implications for risk prediction.
Article in Parasites & vectors, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 25 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
25 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 44 citations in OpenAlex.
- Europe-Wide Meta-Analysis of Borrelia burgdorferi Sensu Lato Prevalence in Questing Ixodes ricinus Ticks.Applied and environmental microbiology · 2017Pooled it
- Asynchronous local differences in Lyme disease environmental hazard driven by variation in tick abundance and Borrelia burgdorferi infection prevalence.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Surveillance of tick-borne pathogens in ticks collected from Swiss residents.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Identification and mapping of potential and highly likely vectors for selected vector-borne diseases in the EU and neighbouring countries.EFSA journal. European Food Safety Authority · 2026Article
- Environmental drivers of tick density in UK dairy farms: implications for livestock health and agri-environment policy.Parasites & vectors · 2026Article
- Ghosts of weather past? Impact of past and present weather-related factors on the seasonal questing activity of Ixodes ricinus nymphs in southwestern Finland.Parasites & vectors · 2025Article
- There Goes the Neighbourhood-A Multi-City Study Reveals Ticks and Tick-Borne Pathogens Commonly Occupy Urban Green Spaces.Zoonoses and public health · 2025Article
- Quality over quantity in active tick surveillance: Sentinel surveillance outperforms risk-based surveillance for tracking tick-borne disease emergence in southern Canada.Canada communicable disease report = Releve des maladies transmissibles au Canada · 2023Article
- Spatial and temporal heterogeneity of the density of Borrelia burgdorferi-infected Ixodes ricinus ticks across a landscape: A 5-year study in southern England.Medical and veterinary entomology · 2022Article
- No net effect of host density on tick-borne disease hazard due to opposing roles of vector amplification and pathogen dilution.Ecology and evolution · 2022Article
- Meta-analysis: A useful tool to assess infection prevalence and disease ecology ofParasite epidemiology and control · 2022Article
- Sentinel Surveillance Contributes to Tracking Lyme Disease Spatiotemporal Risk Trends in Southern Quebec, Canada.Pathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2022Article
- Occurrence of tick-borne pathogens in questing Ixodes ricinus ticks from Wester Ross, Northwest Scotland.Parasites & vectors · 2021Article
- Ixodes ricinus and Borrelia burgdorferi sensu lato in the Royal Parks of London, UK.Experimental & applied acarology · 2021Article
- Bacterial Pathogens and Symbionts Harboured byPathogens (Basel, Switzerland) · 2021Article
- Emergence of Lyme Disease on Treeless Islands, Scotland, United Kingdom.Emerging infectious diseases · 2021Article
- Sampling scale and season influence the observed relationship between the density of deer and questing Ixodes ricinus nymphs.Parasites & vectors · 2020Article
- Ecological Fallacy and Aggregated Data: A Case Study of Fried Chicken Restaurants, Obesity and Lyme Disease.EcoHealth · 2020Article
- Using imperfect data in predictive mapping of vectors: a regional example of Ixodes ricinus distribution.Parasites & vectors · 2019Article
- Isolation of known and potentially pathogenic tick-borne microorganisms from European ixodid ticks using tick cell lines.Ticks and tick-borne diseases · 2019Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors at 5 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCases of Lyme borreliosis, a vector-borne zoonosis caused by bacteria in the Borrelia burgdorferi (sensu lato) species group, have increased in recent years in Europe. Knowledge of environmental factors associated with abundance of the tick vector Ixodes ricinus and the pathogen B. burgdorferi (s.l.) is of interest to understand responses to environmental changes, predict variation in risk and to inform management interventions.
methodsNineteen woodland sites across Scotland were surveyed in 2012 for B. burgdorferi (s.l.) infection in questing I. ricinus nymphs (n = 200 per site), deer abundance and vegetation. Climatic factors were extracted for each site. Six additional sites were surveyed for questing nymphs in both 2012 and 2013 (n = 200 per site and year) to test for variation in B. burgdorferi (s.l.) prevalence between years.
resultsThe mean prevalence of B. burgdorferi (s.l.) across 19 sites was 1.7% (95% CI: 1.4-2.2%; range 0-6%), all four genospecies known to be present in the UK were detected: B. garinii, B. afzelii, B. burgdorferi (sensu stricto) and B. valaisiana. A higher prevalence of B. burgdorferi (s.l.), higher densities of nymphs and higher densities of infected nymphs were found at sites with warmer climates, estimated with growing degree-days. No association between infection prevalence in nymphs and woodland type (semi-natural mixed vs coniferous) or deer density was found. At six sites sampled in 2012 and 2013, there was a significant increase in B. afzelli prevalence at two sites and a decrease in B. garinii prevalence at one site.
conclusionsThis study highlights challenges for the prediction of risk of Lyme borreliosis, reflecting the sensitivity of both pathogen and vector ecology to habitat, host and climatic factors. Significant changes in the prevalence of individual genospecies at sites monitored across time are likely to be due to variability in the host community composition between years. Our results indicate the importance of monitoring dynamic variables such as reservoir host populations as well as climate and habitat factors over multiple years, to identify environmental factors associated with Lyme borreliosis risk.
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