ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2016
Disparities in influenza mortality and transmission related to sociodemographic factors within Chicago in the pandemic of 1918.
Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 78 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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Who cites it
78 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 168 citations in OpenAlex.
- Spatial distribution and driving factors of the associations between temperature and influenza-like illness in the United States: a time-stratified case-crossover study.BMC public health · 2023Pooled it
- Pooled it
- The association between socioeconomic status and pandemic influenza: Systematic review and meta-analysis.PloS one · 2021Pooled it
- Influenza vaccine protection and contact patterns among outpatients with influenza-like illness during the 2024-2025 season in China: a test-negative case-control study.Journal of global health · 2026Article
- The Role of Medical Mistrust in Vaccination Decisions in Rural, Indigenous Namibian Communities.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2026Article
- Adaptive immune responses to vaccination reflect social status at first exposure in female rhesus macaques.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Spatial variation in socio-economic vulnerability to Influenza-like Infection for the US population.PLoS computational biology · 2026Article
- Association between short-term exposure to ambient ozone concentration and influenza incidence in Kawasaki City, Japan: a time-stratified case-crossover analysis.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Changing socioeconomic inequalities in the incidence and case fatality rates of COVID-19 in Germany, March 2020 through May 2022: an ecological study.BMC public health · 2025Article
- The Global Polycrisis and Health Inequalities.International journal of social determinants of health and health services · 2025Article
- Integrating socio-ecosystemic factors in One Health approaches: a scoping review in zoonotic disease research.One health (Amsterdam, Netherlands) · 2025Review
- Influenza-Associated Outcomes and Healthcare Utilization by Race and Ethnicity in the USA: a Retrospective Cohort Study Using the National Inpatient Sample Database.Journal of racial and ethnic health disparities · 2025Article
- Assessing the 1918/19 Pandemic Influenza and Respiratory Tuberculosis Interaction in Malta: Operationalizing a Syndemic During a Crisis Event.Tropical medicine and infectious disease · 2025Article
- Revisiting Pearl's influenza studies by bootstrapping for forward variable selection with a null factor.PloS one · 2025Article
- Reconstructed influenza A/H3N2 infection histories reveal variation in incidence and antibody dynamics over the life course.PLoS biology · 2024Article
- Generalized contact matrices allow integrating socioeconomic variables into epidemic models.Science advances · 2024Article
- Ozone as an environmental driver of influenza.Nature communications · 2024Article
- Reconstructed influenza A/H3N2 infection histories reveal variation in incidence and antibody dynamics over the life course.medRxiv : the preprint server for health sciences · 2024Article
- State variation in neighborhood COVID-19 burden across the United States.Communications medicine · 2024Article
- Effect of Rapid Urbanization in Mainland China on the Seasonal Influenza Epidemic: Spatiotemporal Analysis of Surveillance Data From 2010 to 2017.JMIR public health and surveillance · 2023Article
18 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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6 authors at 4 institutions in 2 countries.
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Abstract
Social factors have been shown to create differential burden of influenza across different geographic areas. We explored the relationship between potential aggregate-level social determinants and mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Chicago using a historical dataset of 7,971 influenza and pneumonia deaths. Census tract-level social factors, including rates of illiteracy, homeownership, population, and unemployment, were assessed as predictors of pandemic mortality in Chicago. Poisson models fit with generalized estimating equations (GEEs) were used to estimate the association between social factors and the risk of influenza and pneumonia mortality. The Poisson model showed that influenza and pneumonia mortality increased, on average, by 32.2% for every 10% increase in illiteracy rate adjusted for population density, homeownership, unemployment, and age. We also found a significant association between transmissibility and population density, illiteracy, and unemployment but not homeownership. Lastly, analysis of the point locations of reported influenza and pneumonia deaths revealed fine-scale spatiotemporal clustering. This study shows that living in census tracts with higher illiteracy rates increased the risk of influenza and pneumonia mortality during the 1918 influenza pandemic in Chicago. Our observation that disparities in structural determinants of neighborhood-level health lead to disparities in influenza incidence in this pandemic suggests that disparities and their determinants should remain targets of research and control in future pandemics.
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