Observational studyBMJ open2016
Cost burden of type 2 diabetes in Germany: results from the population-based KORA studies.
Observational study in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 37 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
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Who cites it
37 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 66 citations in OpenAlex.
- Costs and its drivers for diabetes mellitus type 2 patients in France and Germany: a systematic review of economic studies.BMC health services research · 2020Pooled it
- Linagliptin versus sitagliptin in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials.Daru : journal of Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences · 2017Pooled it
- Cohort Profile: Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg (KORA) 1984-2024.International journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Determinants of distress financing for healthcare service utilization: a convergent mixed-method study at a tertiary hospital in Malaysia.Health policy and planning · 2025Article
- Linked survey and statutory health insurance data evaluating healthcare utilization patterns and associated factors of persons with diabetes in Germany - latent class analysis.Scientific reports · 2025Article
- National health and economic impact of a lifestyle program to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus in Germany: a simulation study.BMJ open diabetes research & care · 2024Article
- Projecting the economic burden of type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in Germany from 2010 until 2040.Population health metrics · 2024Article
- Incidence trend of type 2 diabetes from 2012 to 2021 in Germany: an analysis of health claims data of 11 million statutorily insured people.Diabetologia · 2024Article
- A systematic review of the economic burden of diabetes mellitus: contrasting perspectives from high and low middle-income countries.Journal of pharmaceutical policy and practice · 2024Review
- Predictors of frequency of 1-year readmission in adult patients with diabetes.Scientific reports · 2023Article
- Projected health and economic impacts of sugar-sweetened beverage taxation in Germany: A cross-validation modelling study.PLoS medicine · 2023Article
- Article
- The True Price of External Health Effects from Food Consumption.Nutrients · 2023Article
- Economic burden of type 2 diabetes in Iran: A cost-of-illness study.Health science reports · 2023Article
- Understanding health behavior change by motivation and reward mechanisms: a review of the literature.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2023Review
- Cost of illness of non-communicable diseases in private and public health facilities in Nigeria: a qualitative and quantitative approach.The Pan African medical journal · 2023Article
- The Place and Value of Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors in the Evolving Treatment Paradigm for Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Narrative Review.Diabetes therapy : research, treatment and education of diabetes and related disorders · 2022 · on this mapReview
- Utilization and cost of drugs for diabetes and its comorbidities and complications in Kuwait.PloS one · 2022Article
- Functional Mechanisms of Health Behavior Change Techniques: A Conceptual Review.Frontiers in psychology · 2022Review
- How do individuals with alcohol problems use social and healthcare services in Finland? Comparison of service use patterns between two high-need patient groups.Nordisk alkohol- & narkotikatidskrift : NAT · 2021Article
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
8 authors at 3 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo examine the impact of type 2 diabetes on direct and indirect costs and to describe the effect of relevant diabetes-related factors, such as type of treatment or glycaemic control on direct costs.
designBottom-up excess cost analysis from a societal perspective based on population-based survey data.
participants9160 observations from 6803 individuals aged 31-96 years (9.6% with type 2 diabetes) from the population-based KORA (Cooperative Health Research in the Region of Augsburg) studies in Southern Germany. OUTCOME MEASURES: Healthcare usage, productivity losses, and resulting direct and indirect costs.
methodsInformation on diabetes status, biomedical/sociodemographic variables, medical history and on healthcare usage and productivity losses was assessed in standardised interviews and examinations. Healthcare usage and productivity losses were costed with reference to unit prices and excess costs of type 2 diabetes were calculated using generalised linear models.
resultsIndividuals with type 2 diabetes had 1.81 (95% CI 1.56 to 2.11) times higher direct (€3352 vs €1849) and 2.07 (1.51 to 2.84) times higher indirect (€4103 vs €1981) annual costs than those without diabetes. Cardiovascular complications, a long diabetes duration and treatment with insulin were significantly associated with increased direct costs; however, glycaemic control was only weakly insignificantly associated with costs.
conclusionsThis study illustrates the substantial direct and indirect societal cost burden of type 2 diabetes in Germany. Strong effort is needed to optimise care to avoid progression of the disease and costly complications.
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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.