ReviewJournal of neuroscience research2017
A general theory of sexual differentiation.
Review in Journal of neuroscience research, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 143 papers, 3 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
143 citing papers in PubMed, 3 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 297 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex difference of pre- and post-natal exposure to six developmental neurotoxicants on intellectual abilities: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human studies.Environmental health : a global access science source · 2023Pooled it
- A systematic review on sex differences in adverse drug reactions related to psychotropic, cardiovascular, and analgesic medications.Frontiers in pharmacology · 2023Pooled it
- Sexual Orientation in Individuals With Congenital Adrenal Hyperplasia: A Systematic Review.Frontiers in behavioral neuroscience · 2020Pooled it
- Revisiting the dual role of androgens and oestrogens in mammalian sex differentiation with a focus on genitalia.Nature reviews. Urology · 2026Review
- XYomics: detecting sex-dependent molecular mechanisms in omics data.Nucleic acids research · 2026Article
- Sex differences in the regulation and function of cellular immunity in Drosophila.PLoS genetics · 2026Article
- Sex Determination in Sponges.Molecular reproduction and development · 2026Review
- Gonadal Sex and Sex-Chromosome Complement Interact to Affect Ethanol Consumption in Adolescent Four Core Genotypes Mice.Brain sciences · 2026Article
- Artificial intelligence in cancer diagnosis and therapy using sex and gender as precision biomarkers.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Sex hormones and gender differences in immune responses and anticancer immunity: a comprehensive review.Biologia futura · 2026Review
- Sry-modified laboratory rat lines to study sex-chromosome effects underlying sex differences in physiology and disease: Four Core Genotypes and more.Biology of sex differences · 2026Article
- The transcriptomic signature of age and sex is not conserved in human primary myotubes.Skeletal muscle · 2026Article
- Quantitative dissection of sexual dimorphism in mice through Y-linked gene knockouts and multivariate phenotyping.Scientific reports · 2026Article
- Circadian Regulation of Neuronal Membrane Capacitance-Mechanisms and Implications for Neural Computation and Behavior.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Review
- Tabula Sapiens reveals transcription factor expression, senescence effects, and sex-specific features in cell types from 28 human organs and tissues.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2025Article
- Neuron soma size and density measurements in rat striatal regions disaggregated by sex and estrous cycle phase.Brain structure & function · 2025Article
- A researcher's guide to studying sex differences in immune aging.Trends in molecular medicine · 2025Review
- Addressing Sex as a Biological Variable in Preclinical Models of Lung Disease: An Official American Thoracic Society Research Statement.American journal of respiratory and critical care medicine · 2025Article
- Unequal disease burdens: exploring the intersection of gender, health and disease dynamics in China.BMC public health · 2025Article
- Hypoxia-ischemia and sexual dimorphism: modeling mitochondrial dysfunction using brain organoids.Cell & bioscience · 2025Review
83 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
1 author at 1 institution in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
A general theory of mammalian sexual differentiation is proposed. All biological sex differences are the result of the inequality in effects of the sex chromosomes, which are the only factors that differ in XX vs. XY zygotes. This inequality leads to male-specific effects of the Y chromosome, including expression of the testis-determining gene Sry that causes differentiation of testes. Thus, Sry sets up lifelong sex differences in effects of gonadal hormones. Y genes also act outside of the gonads to cause male-specific effects. Differences in the number of X chromosomes between XX and XY cells cause sex differences in expression (1) of Xist, (2) of X genes that escape inactivation, and (3) of parentally imprinted X genes. Sex differences in phenotype are ultimately the result of multiple, independent sex-biasing factors, hormonal and sex chromosomal. These factors act in parallel and in combination to induce sex differences. They also can offset each other to reduce sex differences. Other mechanisms, operating at the level of populations, cause groups of males to differ on average from groups of females. The theory frames questions for further study, and directs attention to inherent sex-biasing factors that operate in many tissues to cause sex differences, and to cause sex-biased protection from disease. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.