ArticleNature genetics2017
Tumor-suppressor genes that escape from X-inactivation contribute to cancer sex bias.
Article in Nature genetics, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 281 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
281 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 466 citations in OpenAlex.
- Sex and statin-related genetic associations at the PCSK9 gene locus: results of genome-wide association meta-analysis.Biology of sex differences · 2024Pooled it
- Pooled it
- 4D nucleome landscape reveals dissolution of bipartite active X chromosome in liver cancer development.Nature cell biology · 2026Article
- Sex-Biased Immunity: The Hidden Variable in Immuno-oncology.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Single-Nucleus Multi-Omic Atlas Maps Regulatory Architecture and Non-Coding Variant Effects across Adult Human Tissues.bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology · 2026Article
- Sex Steroid Hormone Regulation of T-Cell Function and Antitumor Immunity.Clinical cancer research : an official journal of the American Association for Cancer Research · 2026Review
- Sex of central neurons controls intestinal niche signalling to drive sex differences in stem cell activity and cancer susceptibility.Nature communications · 2026Article
- Escape from X-chromosome inactivation: from gene discovery to regulatory mechanisms.Biochemical Society transactions · 2026Review
- Chromosome X dosage modulates development of aneuploidy in genetically diverse mouse embryonic stem cells.Stem cell reports · 2026Article
- Sexually Dimorphic RNA Helicase DDX3Y, But Not DDX3X, Plays a Potential Tumor-Suppressive Role in Colorectal Carcinogenesis in Males.Biochemical genetics · 2026Article
- Sex differences in non-reproductive cancers: mechanistic roles of sex-hormone signaling.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Review
- A pan-cancer single-cell atlas uncovers the role of sex hormones and chromosomes in sex-divergent reprogramming of the tumor microenvironment.Cell communication and signaling : CCS · 2026Article
- Sex Differences in Cancer Stage at Diagnosis of Nonreproductive Solid Organ Tumors in the United States, 2015 to 2022.Cancer epidemiology, biomarkers & prevention : a publication of the American Association for Cancer Research, cosponsored by the American Society of Preventive Oncology · 2026Article
- Sex differences in cancer incidence among people with HIV infection in the United States.Journal of the National Cancer Institute · 2026Article
- Exploring the functional role of XIST in breast cancer from mechanisms to clinical implications.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Article
- Molecular Profiling of Digestive Grade 3 Neuroendocrine Tumors Reveals a Shared Molecular Framework with Lower-Grade Tumors, Marked Heterogeneity, and Therapeutic Opportunities.Endocrine pathology · 2026Article
- Molecular mechanisms and clinical impacts of sex differences in urologic cancers.Discover oncology · 2026Review
- Loss of Chromosome Y Associates With Altered Immune Cell Trajectories and X-Inactivation Features.Aging cell · 2026Article
- Oral Mucositis in Oncopediatric Patients: MTX and MMP-1, MMP-8, MMP-13 Gene Polymorphisms.Oral diseases · 2026Article
221 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
- Commented on by
- Commented on by
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
There is a striking and unexplained male predominance across many cancer types. A subset of X-chromosome genes can escape X-inactivation, which would protect females from complete functional loss by a single mutation. To identify putative 'escape from X-inactivation tumor-suppressor' (EXITS) genes, we examined somatic alterations from >4,100 cancers across 21 tumor types for sex bias. Six of 783 non-pseudoautosomal region (PAR) X-chromosome genes (ATRX, CNKSR2, DDX3X, KDM5C, KDM6A, and MAGEC3) harbored loss-of-function mutations more frequently in males (based on a false discovery rate < 0.1), in comparison to zero of 18,055 autosomal and PAR genes (Fisher's exact P < 0.0001). Male-biased mutations in genes that escape X-inactivation were observed in combined analysis across many cancers and in several individual tumor types, suggesting a generalized phenomenon. We conclude that biallelic expression of EXITS genes in females explains a portion of the reduced cancer incidence in females as compared to males across a variety of tumor types.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.