ArticleCancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII2017
A novel three-dimensional heterotypic spheroid model for the assessment of the activity of cancer immunotherapy agents.
Article in Cancer immunology, immunotherapy : CII, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 73 papers, 2 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
73 citing papers in PubMed, 2 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 136 citations in OpenAlex.
- Pooled it
- Unlocking the Potential of Spheroids in Personalized Medicine: A Systematic Review of Seeding Methodologies.International journal of molecular sciences · 2025Pooled it
- Natural Killer Cell Immunotherapy in Solid Tumors: Microenvironmental Obstacles and Translational 3D Models.Biology · 2026Review
- Article
- High-Throughput Heterospheroid-Based Screening Identifies Drugs That Reprogram Tumor-Associated Macrophages.Journal of immunology research · 2026Article
- The Activity of Human NK Cells Towards 3D Heterotypic Cellular Tumor Model of Breast Cancer.Cells · 2025Article
- The Role of Organoids in Advancing Colorectal Cancer Research: Insights and Future Directions.Cancers · 2025Review
- Advances and challenges in human 3D solid tumor models.Advanced functional materials · 2025Article
- Use of spheroids as a model to evaluate the anticancer action of animal venoms and derived molecules: 2010-2024 review.The journal of venomous animals and toxins including tropical diseases · 2025Review
- Article
- Review
- Structured multicellular intestinal spheroids (SMIS) as a standardized model for infection biology.Gut pathogens · 2024Article
- CAR T cell infiltration and cytotoxic killing within the core of 3D breast cancer spheroids under the control of antigen sensing in microwell arrays.APL bioengineering · 2024Article
- CD3-engaging bispecific antibodies trigger a paracrine regulated wave of T-cell recruitment for effective tumor killing.Communications biology · 2024Article
- Multicellular tumor spheroid model to study the multifaceted role of tumor-associated macrophages in PDAC.Drug delivery and translational research · 2024Article
- Three-Dimensional Tumor Models to Study Cancer Stemness-Mediated Drug Resistance.Cellular and molecular bioengineering · 2024Review
- Next-Generation CEA-CAR-NK-92 Cells against Solid Tumors: Overcoming Tumor Microenvironment Challenges in Colorectal Cancer.Cancers · 2024Article
- Three-Dimensional In Vitro Tumor Spheroid Models for Evaluation of Anticancer Therapy: Recent Updates.Cancers · 2023Review
- 3D cancer models: One step closer toFrontiers in immunology · 2023Review
- Review
13 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
13 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The complexity of the tumor microenvironment is difficult to mimic in vitro, particularly regarding tumor-host interactions. To enable better assessment of cancer immunotherapy agents in vitro, we developed a three-dimensional (3D) heterotypic spheroid model composed of tumor cells, fibroblasts, and immune cells. Drug targeting, efficient stimulation of immune cell infiltration, and specific elimination of tumor or fibroblast spheroid areas were demonstrated following treatment with a novel immunocytokine (interleukin-2 variant; IgG-IL2v) and tumor- or fibroblast-targeted T cell bispecific antibody (TCB). Following treatment with IgG-IL2v, activation of T cells, NK cells, and NKT cells was demonstrated by increased expression of the activation marker CD69 and enhanced cytokine secretion. The combination of TCBs with IgG-IL2v molecules was more effective than monotherapy, as shown by enhanced effects on immune cell infiltration; activation; increased cytokine secretion; and faster, more efficient elimination of targeted cells. This study demonstrates that the 3D heterotypic spheroid model provides a novel and versatile tool for in vitro evaluation of cancer immunotherapy agents and allows for assessment of additional aspects of the activity of cancer immunotherapy agents, including analysis of immune cell infiltration and drug targeting.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.