Trial reportBMJ open2016
Community-randomised controlled trial embedded in the Anishinaabek Cervical Cancer Screening Study: human papillomavirus self-sampling versus Papanicolaou cytology.
Trial report in BMJ open, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 20 papers, 5 of them syntheses that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
20 citing papers in PubMed, 5 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 36 citations in OpenAlex.
- Invitation strategy of vaginal HPV self-sampling to improve participation in cervical cancer screening: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials.BMC public health · 2024Pooled it
- Does self-sampling for human papilloma virus testing have the potential to increase cervical cancer screening? An updated meta-analysis of observational studies and randomized clinical trials.Frontiers in public health · 2022Pooled it
- Interventions targeted at women to encourage the uptake of cervical screening.The Cochrane database of systematic reviews · 2021Pooled it
- Self-sampling for human papillomavirus (HPV) testing: a systematic review and meta-analysis.BMJ global health · 2019Pooled it
- Detecting cervical precancer and reaching underscreened women by using HPV testing on self samples: updated meta-analyses.BMJ (Clinical research ed.) · 2018Pooled it
- Effect of HPV self-collection kits on cervical cancer screening uptake among under-screened women from low-income US backgrounds (MBMT-3): a phase 3, open-label, randomised controlled trial.The Lancet. Public health · 2023Trial
- Trial
- Implementing HPV self-collection: a scoping review of facilitators and strategies among Indigenous women and people with a cervix.BMC public health · 2026Article
- Transitioning from Cytology to HPV Test-Based Primary Cervical Screening in Canada: A Population-Based Survey of Women's Screening and Information Preferences.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2026Article
- Adapting the deliberative democracy approach to LMIC settings: a case study in Nigeria.Frontiers in public health · 2025Article
- HPV self-sampling implementation strategies to engage under screened communities in cervical cancer screening: a scoping review to inform screening programs.Frontiers in public health · 2024Article
- Widening the offer of human papillomavirus self-sampling to all women eligible for cervical screening: Make haste slowly.International journal of cancer · 2023Review
- Article
- Molecular Detection Methods in HPV-Related Cancers.Frontiers in oncology · 2022Review
- Cancer Screening Interventions in Indigenous Populations: A Rapid Review.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2021Review
- HPV Self-sampling in Indigenous Communities: A Scoping Review.Journal of immigrant and minority health · 2020Article
- HPV sampling options for cervical cancer screening: preferences of urban-dwelling Canadians in a changing paradigm.Current oncology (Toronto, Ont.) · 2020Article
- Self-Sampling for Human Papillomavirus Testing: Increased Cervical Cancer Screening Participation and Incorporation in International Screening Programs.Frontiers in public health · 2018Review
- Article
- Improving Cervical Cancer Screening Participation Through Human Papillomavirus Self-Sampling: A Scoping Review of Evidence in Underserved Populations.Women's health reports (New Rochelle, N.Y.)Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
12 authors at 7 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
objectivesThe incidence of cervical cancer is up to 20-fold higher among First Nations women in Canada than the general population, probably due to lower participation in screening. Offering human papillomavirus (HPV) self-sampling in place of Papanicolaou (Pap) testing may eventually increase screening participation and reduce cervical cancer rates in this population.
designA community-randomised controlled screening trial.
settingFirst Nations communities in Northwest Ontario, Canada.
participantsWomen aged between 25 and 69, living in Robinson Superior Treaty First Nations. The community was the unit of randomisation.
interventionsWomen were asked to complete a questionnaire and have screening by HPV self-sampling (arm A) or Pap testing (arm B). PRIMARY OUTCOME MEASURES: The number of women who participated in cervical screening. RANDOMISATION: Community clusters were randomised to include approximately equivalent numbers of women in each arm.
results6 communities were randomised to arm A and 5 to arm B. One community withdrew, leaving 5 communities in each group (834 eligible women). Participation was <25%. Using clustered intention-to-treat (ITT) analysis, initial and cumulative averaged uptakes in arm A were 1.4-fold (20% vs 14.3%, p=0.628) and 1.3-fold (20.6% vs 16%, p=0.694) higher compared to arm B, respectively. Corresponding per protocol (PP) analysis indicates 2.2-fold (22.9% vs 10.6%, p=0.305) and 1.6-fold (22.9% vs 14.1%, p=0.448) higher uptakes in arm A compared to arm B. Screening uptake varied between communities (range 0-62.1%). Among women who completed a questionnaire (18.3% in arm A, 21.7% in arm B), the screening uptake was 1.8-fold (ITT; p=0.1132) or 3-fold (PP; p<0.01) higher in arm A versus arm B.
conclusionsPap and HPV self-sampling were compared in a marginalised, Canadian population. Results indicated a preference for self-sampling. More research on how to reach underscreened Indigenous women is necessary. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER: ISRCTN84617261.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.