ArticleTobacco control2017
Philip Morris research on precursors to the modern e-cigarette since 1990.
Article in Tobacco control, 2017. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 32 papers, 1 of them a synthesis that pooled it.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
32 citing papers in PubMed, 1 synthesis or guideline pooled it, 58 citations in OpenAlex.
- Does Aerobic Exercise Facilitate Vaping and Smoking Cessation: A Systematic Review of Randomized Controlled Trials with Meta-Analysis.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2022Pooled it
- Willingness to Use Commercial Nicotine Gums, Lozenges, and Gummies Among Nontobacco Using Adolescents in Southern California.The Journal of adolescent health : official publication of the Society for Adolescent Medicine · 2023Trial
- Impact of e-cigarette vaping on the immune system across the body.Physiological reviews · 2026Review
- Correlation between e-cigarette use and salivary flow rate, pH, and buffering capacity: a cross-sectional pilot study.BMC oral health · 2025Article
- Pathophysiological Responses of Oral Keratinocytes After Exposure to Flavored E-Cigarette Liquids.Dentistry journal · 2025Article
- Behavioral intention to use electronic cigarettes in the Philippines: The role of social influence, knowledge, price and health impact.PloS one · 2025Article
- The association between smoking/vaping habits and self-reported respiratory symptoms.Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2024Article
- Article
- Exercise and Smoking Cessation.Current topics in behavioral neurosciences · 2024Review
- Dynamics of combatting market-driven epidemics: Insights from U.S. reduction of cigarette, sugar, and prescription opioid consumption.PLOS global public health · 2024Review
- Regulation of endothelial function by cigarette smoke and next-generation tobacco and nicotine products.Pflugers Archiv : European journal of physiology · 2023Review
- Heated Tobacco Products: Awareness, Beliefs, Use and Susceptibility among US Adult Current Tobacco Users, 2021.International journal of environmental research and public health · 2023Article
- Awareness and Use of Heated Tobacco Products Among Middle School and High School Students, United States, 2019-2020.Nicotine & tobacco research : official journal of the Society for Research on Nicotine and Tobacco · 2022Article
- A New Ingenious Enemy: Heat-Not-Burn Products.Tobacco use insights · 2022Article
- Mapping of Global Research on Electronic Cigarettes: A Bibliometric Analysis.Frontiers in public health · 2022Review
- Clinical Pharmacology of Electronic Nicotine Delivery Systems (ENDS): Implications for Benefits and Risks in the Promotion of the Combusted Tobacco Endgame.Journal of clinical pharmacology · 2021Article
- Is vaping better than smoking for cardiorespiratory and muscle function?Multidisciplinary respiratory medicine · 2020Article
- Assessment of knowledge of use of electronic cigarette and its harmful effects among young adults.Open medicine (Warsaw, Poland) · 2020Article
- Tobacco company strategies to identify and promote the benefits of nicotine.Tobacco control · 2019Article
- Electronic Cigarettes and Youth in the United States: A Call to Action (at the Local, National and Global Levels).Children (Basel, Switzerland) · 2019Review
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors at 2 institutions in 1 country.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundUse of electronic cigarettes (e-cigarettes) is increasing rapidly. Chinese pharmacist Hon Lik is frequently cited as inventing the modern e-cigarette in 2003. However, tobacco companies have developed electronic nicotine delivery systems since at least 1963.
methodsWe searched the University of California San Francisco Truth (formerly Legacy) Tobacco Industry Documents beginning with the terms 'electric cigarette' and 'electronic cigarettes', 'e-cigarette', 'smokeless cigarettes', 'nicotine aerosol', 'tobacco aerosol', and 'vaping' and then expanded the search using snowball sampling. We focused our analysis on Philip Morris (PM) documents discussing technology that aerosolised a nicotine solution because these devices resembled modern e-cigarettes. Over 1000 documents were reviewed; 40 were included in the final analysis.
resultsPM started developing a nicotine aerosol device in 1990 to address the health concerns and decreased social acceptability of smoking that were leading smokers to switch to nicotine replacement therapy. PM had developed a capillary aerosol generator that embodied basic e-cigarette technology in 1994, but in the mid-to-late 1990s focused on applying its aerosol technology to pharmaceutical applications because of uncertainty of how such products might affect potential Food and Drug Administration regulation of tobacco products. In 2001, PM resumed its work on a nicotine aerosol device, and in 2013, NuMark (a division of Altria, PM's parent company) released the MarkTen, a nicotine aerosol device.
conclusionsRather than a disruptive technology, PM developed e-cigarette technology to complement, not compete with, conventional cigarettes and evade tobacco control regulations.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.