ArticleAmerican journal of epidemiology2016
Controlling for Informed Presence Bias Due to the Number of Health Encounters in an Electronic Health Record.
Article in American journal of epidemiology, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 114 papers, 4 of them syntheses that pooled it.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
114 citing papers in PubMed, 4 syntheses or guidelines pooled it.
- Phenome- and laboratory-wide meta-analyses of sickle cell trait reveal multi-system disease associations.American journal of human genetics · 2026Pooled it
- Pooled it
- Informative presence and observation in routine health data: A review of methodology for clinical risk prediction.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2021Pooled it
- Opportunities and challenges in developing risk prediction models with electronic health records data: a systematic review.Journal of the American Medical Informatics Association : JAMIA · 2017Pooled it
- Observed Clinical and Operational Factors Are Associated with Biomarker Test Utilization in Respiratory Virus RT-PCR Testing: A Real-World Analysis of Inflammatory, Cardiac, and Thrombotic Biomarkers.Diagnostics (Basel, Switzerland) · 2026Article
- Variation in Osteoporosis Treatment Gaps Across Fracture-Related and Elective Orthopedic Surgeries: A Single-Center Retrospective Cohort Study in Taiwan.Journal of clinical medicine · 2026Article
- Enhancing Evidence Generation by Linking Randomized Clinical Trials to Real-World Data: The INVESTED-Medicare Linkage Study.Clinical pharmacology and therapeutics · 2026Article
- Structural requirements for intelligent clinical digital twins in feedback-driven care.npj health systems · 2026Review
- First-Recorded Alcohol Use Disorder Diagnosis as an Ascertainment Outcome: Implications for GLP-1 Target Trial Emulations.Pharmacoepidemiology and drug safety · 2026Article
- Maternal Vulnerability Indicators Derived from Free-Text Clinical Documentation in Adolescent Pregnancy.Medicina (Kaunas, Lithuania) · 2026Article
- Computable Phenotype for Identifying Undiagnosed Hypermobile Ehlers-Danlos Syndrome: Protocol for a Development and Validation Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- Independent external validation and head-to-head comparison of guideline-recommended CVD risk prediction models.American journal of preventive cardiology · 2026Article
- A distributed analysis approach for pharmacovigilance data from electronic medical records in German university hospitals: the POLAR_MI ETL Pipeline.BMC medical informatics and decision making · 2026Article
- How representative are electronic health records? A record linkage study using individual-level census data.Social science & medicine (1982) · 2026Article
- Using Multistate Models and Qualitative Interviews to Comprehensively Characterize Substance Use Disorder Care Transitions in a US Health Care System: Protocol for a Mixed-Methods Study.JMIR research protocols · 2026Article
- A comparative analysis estimating aspergillosis and histoplasmosis encounters among inpatients in the United States using multi-regional electronic health record and National Discharge Data, 2014-2020.AJE advances : research in epidemiology · 2026Article
- Mindful approaches: Association between atopic dermatitis and autism spectrum disorder and use of visual storyboards.Dermatology online journal · 2026Article
- Using electronic health record data to identify incident uterine fibroids and endometriosis within a large, urban academic medical center: a validation study.American journal of epidemiology · 2026Article
- Estimating the observability of an outcome from an electronic health record data set using external data.American journal of epidemiology · 2025Article
- Using mixture cure models to address algorithmic bias in diagnostic timing: autism as a test case.JAMIA open · 2025Article
54 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.
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4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
Electronic health records (EHRs) are an increasingly utilized resource for clinical research. While their size allows for many analytical opportunities, as with most observational data there is also the potential for bias. One of the key sources of bias in EHRs is what we term informed presence-the notion that inclusion in an EHR is not random but rather indicates that the subject is ill, making people in EHRs systematically different from those not in EHRs. In this article, we use simulated and empirical data to illustrate the conditions under which such bias can arise and how conditioning on the number of health-care encounters can be one way to remove this bias. In doing so, we also show when such an approach can impart M bias, or bias from conditioning on a collider. Finally, we explore the conditions under which number of medical encounters can serve as a proxy for general health. We apply these methods to an EHR data set from a university medical center covering the years 2007-2013.
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