Evidence map›Paper›PMID 27852272›Full record

ArticleThe international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity2016

The theory of expanded, extended, and enhanced opportunities for youth physical activity promotion.

Michael W Beets, Anthony Okely, R Glenn Weaver, Collin Webster, David Lubans, Tim Brusseau, Russ Carson, Dylan P Cliff

Open access · goldAbstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity, 2016. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 97 papers, 9 of them syntheses that pooled it.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
97citing papers in PubMed, 9 pooled it
22.1field-weighted citation impact, top 1% of its field
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

97 citing papers in PubMed, 9 syntheses or guidelines pooled it, 204 citations in OpenAlex.

  1. Pooled it
  2. Pooled it
  3. Exploring activity compensation amongst youth and adults: a systematic review.The international journal of behavioral nutrition and physical activity · 2022
    Pooled it
  4. Effects of community health worker-based interventions on physical activity levels in children: a systematic review.Revista paulista de pediatria : orgao oficial da Sociedade de Pediatria de Sao Paulo · 2021
    Pooled it
  5. Pooled it
  6. Pooled it
  7. Pooled it
  8. Pooled it
  9. Pooled it
  10. Trial
  11. Trial
  12. Trial
  13. Trial
  14. Trial
  15. Trial
  16. Intervention Effects of "Girls on the Move" on Increasing Physical Activity: A Group Randomized Trial.Annals of behavioral medicine : a publication of the Society of Behavioral Medicine · 2019
    Trial
  17. Trial
  18. Trial
  19. Trial
  20. Trial

37 more citing papers are in PubMed but not listed here.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors at 6 institutions in 2 countries.

Michael W BeetsArnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St, 1st Flr Suite, RM 131, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA. beets@mailbox.sc.edu.
Anthony OkelyEarly Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
R Glenn WeaverArnold School of Public Health, University of South Carolina, 921 Assembly St, 1st Flr Suite, RM 131, Columbia, SC, 29208, USA.
Collin WebsterDepartment of Physical Education, University of South Carolina, Columbia, SC, USA.
David LubansPriority Research Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition, Faculty of Education and Arts, University of Newcastle, Newcastle, Australia.
Tim BrusseauPhysical Activity Research Laboratory, Department of Health, Kinesiology, and Recreation, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, USA.
Russ CarsonUniversity of Northern Colorado, Greeley, CO, USA.
Dylan P CliffEarly Start Research Institute, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Wollongong, Wollongong, NSW, Australia.
University of South Carolina · USIllawarra Health and Medical Research Institute · AUUniversity of Newcastle Australia · AUUniversity of Northern Colorado · USUniversity of Utah · USUniversity of Wollongong · AU

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundPhysical activity interventions targeting children and adolescents (≤18 years) often focus on complex intra- and inter-personal behavioral constructs, social-ecological frameworks, or some combination of both. Recently published meta-analytical reviews and large-scale randomized controlled trials have demonstrated that these intervention approaches have largely produced minimal or no improvements in young people's physical activity levels. DISCUSSION: In this paper, we propose that the main reason for previous studies' limited effects is that fundamental mechanisms that lead to change in youth physical activity have often been overlooked or misunderstood. Evidence from observational and experimental studies is presented to support the development of a new theory positing that the primary mechanisms of change in many youth physical activity interventions are approaches that fall into one of the following three categories: (a) the expansion of opportunities for youth to be active by the inclusion of a new occasion to be active, (b) the extension of an existing physical activity opportunity by increasing the amount of time allocated for that opportunity, and/or (c) the enhancement of existing physical activity opportunities through strategies designed to increase physical activity above routine practice. Their application and considerations for intervention design and interpretation are presented. The utility of these mechanisms, referred to as the Theory of Expanded, Extended, and Enhanced Opportunities (TEO), is demonstrated in their parsimony, logical appeal, support with empirical evidence, and the direct and immediate application to numerous settings and contexts. The TEO offers a new way to understand youth physical activity behaviors and provides a common taxonomy by which interventionists can identify appropriate targets for interventions across different settings and contexts. We believe the formalization of the TEO concepts will propel them to the forefront in the design of future intervention studies and through their use, lead to a greater impact on youth activity behaviors than what has been demonstrated in previous studies.

Indexed as

ExerciseHealth PromotionAdolescentChildHumansSocial EnvironmentAdolescentsChildrenInterventionModerate-to-vigorousObesityProgramsSchoolsSedentary

Identifiers

PMID27852272
PMCPMC5112641
OpenAlexW2555336036

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.